System, method, and apparatus for determining a high dynamic range image

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods are disclosed for image signal processing. For example, systems may include an image sensor and a processing apparatus. The image sensor captures image data using a plurality of selectable exposure times. The processing apparatus receives a first image from the image sensor captured with a first exposure time and receives a second image from the image sensor captured with a second exposure time that is less than the first exposure time. A high dynamic range image is determined based on the first image and the second image, wherein an image portion of the high dynamic range image is based on a corresponding image portion of the second image when a pixel of a corresponding image portion of the first image is saturated. An output image that is based on the high dynamic range image is stored, displayed, or transmitted.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/341,580, filed on May 25, 2016, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety. This application claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/341,415, filed on May 25, 2016, which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety. This applicationclaims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/268,038, filedon Sep. 16, 2016, which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety. This application claims the benefit of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 15/358,495, filed on Nov. 22, 2016, which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety. This application claims the benefitof U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/399,269, filed on Jan. 5, 2017,which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

COPYRIGHT

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains materialthat is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has noobjection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent documentor the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and TrademarkOffice patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyrightrights whatsoever.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to digital image and video processing.

BACKGROUND

Image capture devices, such as cameras, may capture content as images orvideo. Light may be received and focused via a lens and may be convertedto an electronic image signal by an image sensor. The image signal maybe processed by an image signal processor (ISP) to form an image, whichmay be stored and/or encoded. In some implementations, multiple imagesor video frames may include spatially adjacent or overlapping content.Accordingly, systems, methods, and apparatus for capturing, processing,and/or encoding images, video, or both may be advantageous.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure describes, inter alia, apparatus and methods fordigital image and video processing.

In a first aspect, the subject matter described in this specificationcan be embodied in systems that include an image sensor configured tocapture video and a processing apparatus that is configured to: receivea current frame of video from the image sensor; combine the currentframe with a recirculated frame to obtain a noise reduced frame, wherethe recirculated frame is based on one or more previous frames of videofrom the image sensor, and in which the current frame is combined withthe recirculated frame using a set of mixing weights for respectiveimage portions of the recirculated frame; determine a noise map for thenoise reduced frame, where the noise map is determined based onestimates of noise levels for pixels in the current frame, a noise mapfor the recirculated frame, and the set of mixing weights; recirculatethe noise map with the noise reduced frame to combine the noise reducedframe with a next frame of video from the image sensor; and store,display, or transmit an output video that is based on the noise reducedframe.

In a second aspect, the subject matter described in this specificationcan be embodied in methods that include receiving a current image of asequence of images from an image sensor; combining the current imagewith a recirculated image to obtain a noise reduced image, where therecirculated image is based on one or more previous images of thesequence of images from the image sensor, and in which the current imageis combined with the recirculated image using a set of mixing weightsfor respective image portions of the recirculated image; determining anoise map for the noise reduced image, where the noise map is determinedbased on estimates of noise levels for pixels in the current image, anoise map for the recirculated image, and the set of mixing weights;recirculating the noise map with the noise reduced image to combine thenoise reduced image with a next image of the sequence of images from theimage sensor; and storing, displaying, or transmitting an output imagethat is based on the noise reduced image.

In a third aspect, the subject matter described in this specificationcan be embodied in systems that include an image sensor configured tocapture image data using a plurality of selectable exposure times; and aprocessing apparatus that is configured to: receive a first image fromthe image sensor, where the first image is captured with a firstexposure time; receive a second image from the image sensor, where thesecond image is captured with a second exposure time that is less thanthe first exposure time; determine a high dynamic range image based onthe first image in a raw format and the second image in a raw format, inwhich an image portion of the high dynamic range image is based on acorresponding image portion of the second image when a pixel of acorresponding image portion of the first image is saturated; and store,display, or transmit an output image that is based on the high dynamicrange image.

In a fourth aspect, the subject matter described in this specificationcan be embodied in a non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumstoring executable instructions that, when executed by a processor,facilitate performance of operations, including: obtaining, by an imagesignal processor, a target image; obtaining, by the image signalprocessor, a reference image; obtaining motion compensation informationindicating motion identified between the reference image and the targetimage, wherein obtaining the motion compensation information includesobtaining local motion compensation information and obtaining globalmotion compensation information; obtaining a processed image by updatingthe target image based on the motion compensation information; andoutputting the processed image.

In a fifth aspect, the subject matter described in this specificationcan be embodied in methods that include: obtaining, by an image signalprocessor, a target image; obtaining, by the image signal processor, areference image; obtaining motion compensation information indicatingmotion identified between the reference image and the target image,wherein obtaining the motion compensation information includes obtaininglocal motion compensation information and obtaining global motioncompensation information; obtaining a processed image by updating thetarget image based on the motion compensation information; andoutputting the processed image.

In a sixth aspect, the subject matter described in this specificationcan be embodied in an image capture apparatus including one or moreimage sensors configured to capture input video, and an image signalprocessor configured to: obtain, by an image signal processor, a targetimage; obtain, by the image signal processor, a reference image; obtainmotion compensation information indicating motion identified between thereference image and the target image, wherein obtaining the motioncompensation information includes obtaining local motion compensationinformation and obtaining global motion compensation information; obtaina processed image by updating the target image based on the motioncompensation information; and output the processed image.

In a seventh aspect, the subject matter described in this specificationcan be embodied in methods that include receiving a current frame ofvideo from an image sensor; combining the current frame with arecirculated frame to obtain a noise reduced frame, where therecirculated frame is based on one or more previous frames of video fromthe image sensor, and in which the current frame is combined with therecirculated frame using a set of mixing weights for respective imageportions of the recirculated frame; determining a noise map for thenoise reduced frame, where the noise map is determined based onestimates of noise levels for pixels in the current frame, a noise mapfor the recirculated frame, and the set of mixing weights; recirculatingthe noise map with the noise reduced frame to combine the noise reducedframe with a next frame of video from the image sensor; and storing,displaying, or transmitting an output video that is based on the noisereduced frame.

In a eight aspect, the subject matter described in this specificationcan be embodied in systems that include an image sensor configured tocapture a sequence of images and a processing apparatus that isconfigured to: receive a current image of the sequence of images fromthe image sensor; combine the current image with a recirculated image toobtain a noise reduced image, where the recirculated image is based onone or more previous images of the sequence of images from the imagesensor, and in which the current image is combined with the recirculatedimage using a set of mixing weights for respective image portions of therecirculated image; determine a noise map for the noise reduced image,where the noise map is determined based on estimates of noise levels forpixels in the current image, a noise map for the recirculated image, andthe set of mixing weights; recirculate the noise map with the noisereduced image to combine the noise reduced image with a next image ofthe sequence of images from the image sensor; and store, display, ortransmit an output image that is based on the noise reduced image.

In a ninth aspect, the subject matter described in this specificationcan be embodied in a non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumstoring executable instructions that, when executed by a processor,facilitate performance of operations, including: receiving a currentframe of video from an image sensor; combining the current frame with arecirculated frame to obtain a noise reduced frame, where therecirculated frame is based on one or more previous frames of video fromthe image sensor, and in which the current frame is combined with therecirculated frame using a set of mixing weights for respective imageportions of the recirculated frame; determining a noise map for thenoise reduced frame, where the noise map is determined based onestimates of noise levels for pixels in the current frame, a noise mapfor the recirculated frame, and the set of mixing weights; recirculatingthe noise map with the noise reduced frame to combine the noise reducedframe with a next frame of video from the image sensor; and storing,displaying, or transmitting an output video that is based on the noisereduced frame.

In a tenth aspect, the subject matter described in this specificationcan be embodied in a non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumstoring executable instructions that, when executed by a processor,facilitate performance of operations, including: receiving a currentimage of a sequence of images from an image sensor; combining thecurrent image with a recirculated image to obtain a noise reduced image,where the recirculated image is based on one or more previous images ofthe sequence of images from the image sensor, and in which the currentimage is combined with the recirculated image using a set of mixingweights for respective image portions of the recirculated image;determining a noise map for the noise reduced image, where the noise mapis determined based on estimates of noise levels for pixels in thecurrent image, a noise map for the recirculated image, and the set ofmixing weights; recirculating the noise map with the noise reduced imageto combine the noise reduced image with a next image of the sequence ofimages from the image sensor; and storing, displaying, or transmittingan output image that is based on the noise reduced image.

In an eleventh aspect, the subject matter described in thisspecification can be embodied in a non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium storing executable instructions that, when executed by aprocessor, facilitate performance of operations, including: receiving afirst image from an image sensor, where the first image is captured witha first exposure time; receiving a second image from the image sensor,where the second image is captured with a second exposure time that isless than the first exposure time; determining a high dynamic rangeimage based on the first image in a raw format and the second image in araw format, in which an image portion of the high dynamic range image isbased on a corresponding image portion of the second image when a pixelof a corresponding image portion of the first image is saturated; andstoring, displaying, or transmitting an output image that is based onthe high dynamic range image.

In a twelfth aspect, the subject matter described in this specificationcan be embodied in methods that include: receiving a first image from animage sensor, where the first image is captured with a first exposuretime; receiving a second image from the image sensor, where the secondimage is captured with a second exposure time that is less than thefirst exposure time; determining a high dynamic range image based on thefirst image in a raw format and the second image in a raw format, inwhich an image portion of the high dynamic range image is based on acorresponding image portion of the second image when a pixel of acorresponding image portion of the first image is saturated; andstoring, displaying, or transmitting an output image that is based onthe high dynamic range image.

These and other objects, features, and characteristics of the systemand/or method disclosed herein, as well as the methods of operation andfunctions of the related elements of structure and the combination ofparts and economies of manufacture, will become more apparent uponconsideration of the following description and the appended claims withreference to the accompanying drawings, all of which form a part of thisspecification, wherein like reference numerals designate correspondingparts in the various figures. It is to be expressly understood, however,that the drawings are for the purpose of illustration and descriptiononly and are not intended as a definition of the limits of thedisclosure. As used in the specification and in the claims, the singularforms of “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless thecontext clearly dictates otherwise.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The disclosed embodiments have other advantages and features which willbe more readily apparent from the detailed description, the appendedclaims, and the accompanying figures. A brief introduction of thefigures is below.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example of an image capture system for contentcapture in accordance with implementations of this disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example of an image capture device inaccordance with implementations of this disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an example of an image captureapparatus including overlapping fields-of-view in accordance withimplementations of this disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an example of an image processing andcoding pipeline in accordance with implementations of this disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a functional block diagram of an example of an image signalprocessor in accordance with implementations of this disclosure.

FIG. 6A is a block diagram of an example of a system configured forimage capture.

FIG. 6B is a block diagram of an example of a system configured forimage capture.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an example of an image processing pipelinefor capturing images and reducing noise in the images.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an example of an image processing pipelinefor capturing images with high dynamic range and reducing noise in thehigh dynamic range images.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart of an example of a technique for applyingthree-dimensional noise reduction to captured images.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart of an example of a technique for determiningmixing weights for temporal noise reduction.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart of an example of a technique for applyingtemporal noise reduction to high dynamic range images.

FIG. 12A is a flowchart of an example of a technique for determining ahigh dynamic range image based on images captured with differentexposure times.

FIG. 12B is a flowchart of an example of a technique for determining ablending ratio for an image portion of a high dynamic range image.

FIG. 13A is a flowchart of an example of a technique for recirculating anoise map with a noise reduced image.

FIG. 13B is a flowchart of an example of a technique for applying motioncompensation to a recirculated image.

FIG. 13C is a flowchart of an example of a technique for obtaining localmotion information for a reference image and a target image.

FIG. 14 is a diagram of an example of a target image and an example of acorresponding one-half resolution downscaled image.

FIG. 15 is a diagram of an example of a one-quarter resolutiondownscaled image and an example of a one-eighth resolution downscaledimage.

FIG. 16 is a diagram of an example of a one-sixteenth resolutiondownscaled image and an example of a one-thirty-second resolutiondownscaled image.

FIG. 17 is a flowchart of an example of a technique for motioncompensation.

FIG. 18 is a flowchart of an example of a technique for determiningwhether to use local motion compensation information or global motioncompensation information.

FIG. 19 is a flowchart of an example of a technique for obtaining localmotion information.

FIG. 20 is a flowchart of an example of a technique for obtaining localmotion information for a current image.

FIG. 21 illustrates an example of an architecture for processing andstitching images captured with multiple image sensors.

FIG. 22 illustrates overlapping images captured with multiple imagesensors.

FIG. 23 illustrates an example of a technique for stitching imagescaptured with multiple image sensors.

FIG. 24A illustrates images captured with a cubic array of imagesensors.

FIG. 24B illustrates a two dimensional grid of images captured by acubic array of image sensors.

All figures disclosed herein are © Copyright 2017 GoPro Inc. All rightsreserved.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Content, such as visual content, may be captured as one or more imagesor video frames by one or more image capture devices, such as a cameraor camera array. An image capture device may include one or more lenses,image sensors, image signal processors, encoders, or combinationsthereof. A lens may receive and focus light on an image sensor orsensors. An image sensor or sensors may sample the light and generate anelectronic image signal. An image signal processor (ISP) may receive theimage signal from one or more sensors and may process the image signalto generate an image, picture, or frame. The generated images may bestored, such as in a memory of an image e capture device, and/or sent toan encoder for encoding, which may include compression.

Three-dimensional noise reduction processing may be implemented toreduce noise levels (e.g., standard deviation, variance, orsignal-to-noise-ratio) in pixel values in a sequence of captured images(e.g., frames of video) and improve the quality of the captured images.Three-dimensional noise reduction processing may include temporal noisereduction processing, which combines (e.g., using weighted averages)pixel values for an incoming current image with pixel values forcorresponding pixels of a recirculated image that may be based on (e.g.,via recursive processing of incoming current images in the sequence ofimages) one or more previous images in the sequence of images. Whetherand/or how significantly an image portion (e.g., a pixel or block ofpixels) of the recirculated image is combined with the current image maybe determined (e.g., by determining mixing weights for respective imageportions) based on an assessment as to how well the image portioncorresponds to an image portion of the current image at the same spatiallocation. For example, estimates of the noise level for the pixelvalue(s) in the image portion of the recirculated image and/or estimatesof the noise level for the pixel value(s) in the image portion of thecurrent image may be used to determine a mixing weight (e.g., set tozero if the image portion is not used or to a positive number less thanone if the image portion is used for temporal noise reduction) for therespective image portion of the recirculated image. In someimplementations, the estimates of noise level for image portions therecirculated image are stored in a noise map that includes locations forthe respective image portions of the recirculated image. A noise map fora noise reduced image (e.g., an image resulting from combination of thecurrent image with the recirculated image) may be determined based onthe estimates of noise levels for the current image, estimates of noiselevel for the recirculated image (e.g., from a previous noise map), anda set of mixing weights that is used to determine the noise reducedimage. The resulting noise map may be recirculated (e.g., fed back) withnoise reduced image for combination with a next current image in thesequence of the images. Having access to image portion (e.g., pixel orblock of pixel) resolution estimates of noise for the recirculated imagemay facilitate improved combination with incoming current images toreduce noise levels and improve image quality in the captured images.

High dynamic range processing may consist of capturing several images ofthe same scene (e.g., in quick succession or partially overlapping intime) with different exposure times and then fusing these images so thatdark parts of the image can be taken from the image with longestexposure time (for which a noise level is smallest) and bright parts ofthe image can be taken from the image with a shorter exposure time(e.g., where the longer exposure time image has pixel values that aresaturated). In some implementations, more than images with differentexposure time are captured, and parts of the images with intermediatebrightness are taken from intermediate images (e.g., the image which hasthe longest exposure time while not exhibiting pixel value saturation).For example, high dynamic range processing may include a fusionalgorithm taking N images as input and providing a single image at theoutput. In some implementations, image portions of constituent imagesare combined to form a high dynamic range image using a blending ratiomap that specifies which image(s) individual image portions (e.g.,pixels or blocks of pixels) will be based on. For example, imageportions from multiple (e.g., two) constituent images may be blended(e.g., using a respective positive blending ratio less than one) todetermine a corresponding image portion of the high dynamic range image.For example, a positive blending ratio less than one may be determinedwhen a pixel value for a respective image portion is in a range near asaturation level. For example, a low-pass spatial filter may be appliedto a blending ration map to smooth a combination of the constituentimage.

High dynamic range processing may be performed (e.g., by an image signalprocessor or before passing the captured images to an image signalprocessor) in raw domain—instead of performing this processing in theYUV domain. Some advantages of performing the high dynamic rangeprocessing in the raw domain (early in an image signal processingpipeline) may include: (1) Only a high dynamic range image, rather thanall N of the constituent images captured with different exposure times,may be processed by the later stages of an image processing pipeline(e.g., an image signal processor as the image signal processor processesthe resulting image after high dynamic range fusion). (2) This mayresult in higher performance and lower power consumption, despite thefact that the later stages of a pipeline (e.g., an image signalprocessor) must use a wider dynamic (e.g., downstream processing may becarried out on 16 bits instead of 14). For example, processing a single16 bit image may consume less processing resources (e.g., processorcycles and memory) than two 14 bits images. (3) High dynamic range imagefusion may be performed in linear space, where quantization may haveless consequences than in the YUV domain. (4) Tone mapping is simplifiedas it is done after an histogram computation of the image. Having accessto the histogram with the full dynamic improves the quality of tonemapping.

High dynamic range processing may include spatial regularization, andthus noise levels for image portions may not be a pure function of thepixel value. This may complicate noise reduction processing (e.g.,temporal noise reduction processing and/or three-dimensional noiseprocessing) that depends on noise levels for pixels of incoming currentimages. To accommodate noise reduction processing occurring later in animage processing pipeline, estimates of noise level for respective imageportions (e.g., pixels or Bayer blocks of 4 pixels), which are used by anoise reduction module to filter out noise, may be determined and storedin an input noise map for the high dynamic range image that may bepassed into a noise reduction module with a corresponding current highdynamic range image. In some implementations, determining an input noisemap for the high dynamic range image has small (e.g., marginal) impacton the consumption of image processing resource, and thus the savingsdue to downstream processing for a single high dynamic ranges images issubstantially preserved jeopardized.

Motion compensation may be applied to a reference image to better alignimage portions (e.g., pixels or blocks of pixels) with correspondingimage portions of a target image. For example, a target image may be acurrent image in a sequence of images that is subject to temporal noisereduction processing, and the reference image may be a recirculatedimage based on one or more previous images in the sequence of images.For example, a target image may be a constituent image of a high dynamicrange image captured with a long exposure time, and the reference imagemay be a corresponding constituent image that was captured with a shortexposure time. In some implementations, a local motion compensationtransform is applied to a reference image to determine a first candidateimage and a global motion compensation transform is applied to thereference image to determine a second candidate image. Quality metricsthat may measure the correspondence of image portions in the respectivecandidate images with the target image may then be determined and thelocal motion compensation transformation or the global motioncompensation transformation may be selected for use with the referenceimage. In some implementations, local motion estimation to obtain localmotion information (e.g., local motion vectors) includes a multi-scaleanalysis may be used to iteratively narrow the scope of a block matchingsearch for corresponding blocks in a target image.

Motion compensation may be applied to a recirculated image to increasehit rate (e.g., a percentage of image portions of a recirculated imagethat are used for temporal noise reduction) temporal noise reductionalgorithm and improve image quality of the captured images. In someimplementations, recirculating an image for temporal noise reductionprocessing includes applying motion compensation (e.g., local motioncompensation and/or global motion compensation) to the recirculatedimage to better align image portions of the recirculated image withcorresponding image portions of a next current image with which it willbe combined for temporal noise reduction. A motion compensationtransformation applied to a recirculated image may also be applied to anoise map for the recirculated image in order to preserve thecorrespondence between pixel values in the recirculated image andestimates of noise level in the noise map.

In some implementations, multiple image sensors with overlapping fieldsare used to capture images that are stitched together to obtain acomposite image that represents the combined field of view for themultiple image sensors. When writing an overlapping portion of aprocessed image to memory, one of the overlapping processed imageportions may be maintained in an internal memory buffer of an imagesignal processor while a corresponding overlapping processed imageportion for another image sensor is read from memory, combined (e.g.,via a blending operation) with the overlapping processed image portionin the buffer, and the combined processed image portion is written backto memory. This architecture for an image processing pipeline forstitching may reduce memory bandwidth usage and improve performance ofan image signal processor.

Implementations are described in detail with reference to the drawings,which are provided as examples so as to enable those skilled in the artto practice the technology. The figures and examples are not meant tolimit the scope of the present disclosure to a single implementation orembodiment, and other implementations and embodiments are possible byway of interchange of, or combination with, some or all of the describedor illustrated elements. Wherever convenient, the same reference numberswill be used throughout the drawings to refer to same or like parts.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example of an image capture system 100 forcontent capture in accordance with implementations of this disclosure.As shown in FIG. 1, an image capture system 100 may include an imagecapture apparatus 110, an external user interface (UI) device 120, or acombination thereof.

In some implementations, the image capture apparatus 110 may be amulti-face apparatus and may include multiple image capture devices,such as image capture devices 130, 132, 134 as shown in FIG. 1, arrangedin a structure 140, such as a cube-shaped cage as shown. Although threeimage capture devices 130, 132, 134 are shown for simplicity in FIG. 1,the image capture apparatus 110 may include any number of image capturedevices. For example, the image capture apparatus 110 shown in FIG. 1may include six cameras, which may include the three image capturedevices 130, 132, 134 shown and three cameras not shown.

In some implementations, the structure 140 may have dimensions, such asbetween 25 mm and 150 mm. For example, the length of each side of thestructure 140 may be 105 mm. The structure 140 may include a mountingport 142, which may be removably attachable to a supporting structure,such as a tripod, a photo stick, or any other camera mount (not shown).The structure 140 may be a rigid support structure, such that therelative orientation of the image capture devices 130, 132, 134 of theimage capture apparatus 110 may be maintained in relatively static orfixed alignment, except as described herein.

The image capture apparatus 110 may obtain, or capture, image content,such as images, video, or both, with a 360° field-of-view, which may bereferred to herein as panoramic or spherical content. For example, eachof the image capture devices 130, 132, 134 may include respectivelenses, for receiving and focusing light, and respective image sensorsfor converting the received and focused light to an image signal, suchas by measuring or sampling the light, and the multiple image capturedevices 130, 132, 134 may be arranged such that respective image sensorsand lenses capture a combined field-of-view characterized by a sphericalor near spherical field-of-view.

In some implementations, each of the image capture devices 130, 132, 134may have a respective field-of-view 170, 172, 174, such as afield-of-view 170, 172, 174 that 90° in a lateral dimension 180, 182,184 and includes 120° in a longitudinal dimension 190, 192, 194. In someimplementations, image capture devices 130, 132, 134 having overlappingfields-of-view 170, 172, 174, or the image sensors thereof, may beoriented at defined angles, such as at 90°, with respect to one another.In some implementations, the image sensor of the image capture device130 is directed along the X axis, the image sensor of the image capturedevice 132 is directed along the Y axis, and the image sensor of theimage capture device 134 is directed along the Z axis. The respectivefields-of-view 170, 172, 174 for adjacent image capture devices 130,132, 134 may be oriented to allow overlap for a stitching function. Forexample, the longitudinal dimension 190 of the field-of-view 170 for theimage capture device 130 may be oriented at 90° with respect to thelatitudinal dimension 184 of the field-of-view 174 for the image capturedevice 134, the latitudinal dimension 180 of the field-of-view 170 forthe image capture device 130 may be oriented at 90° with respect to thelongitudinal dimension 192 of the field-of-view 172 for the imagecapture device 132, and the latitudinal dimension 182 of thefield-of-view 172 for the image capture device 132 may be oriented at90° with respect to the longitudinal dimension 194 of the field-of-view174 for the image capture device 134.

The image capture apparatus 110 shown in FIG. 1 may have 420° angularcoverage in vertical and/or horizontal planes by the successive overlapof 90°, 120°, 90°, 120° respective fields-of-view 170, 172, 174 (not allshown) for four adjacent image capture devices 130, 132, 134 (not allshown). For example, fields-of-view 170, 172 for the image capturedevices 130, 132 and fields-of-view (not shown) for two image capturedevices (not shown) opposite the image capture devices 130, 132respectively may be combined to provide 420° angular coverage in ahorizontal plane. In some implementations, the overlap betweenfields-of-view of image capture devices 130, 132, 134 having a combinedfield-of-view including less than 360° angular coverage in a verticaland/or horizontal plane may be aligned and merged or combined to producea panoramic image. For example, the image capture apparatus 110 may bein motion, such as rotating, and source images captured by at least oneof the image capture devices 130, 132, 134 may be combined to form apanoramic image. As another example, the image capture apparatus 110 maybe stationary, and source images captured contemporaneously by eachimage capture device 130, 132, 134 may be combined to form a panoramicimage.

In some implementations, an image capture device 130, 132, 134 mayinclude a lens 150, 152, 154 or other optical element. An opticalelement may include one or more lens, macro lens, zoom lens,special-purpose lens, telephoto lens, prime lens, achromatic lens,apochromatic lens, process lens, wide-angle lens, ultra-wide-angle lens,fisheye lens, infrared lens, ultraviolet lens, perspective control lens,other lens, and/or other optical element. In some implementations, alens 150, 152, 154 may be a fisheye lens and produce fisheye, ornear-fisheye, field-of-view images. For example, the respective lenses150, 152, 154 of the image capture devices 130, 132, 134 may be fisheyelenses. In some implementations, images captured by two or more imagecapture devices 130, 132, 134 of the image capture apparatus 110 may becombined by stitching or merging fisheye projections of the capturedimages to produce an equirectangular planar image. For example, a firstfisheye image may be a round or elliptical image, and may be transformedto a first rectangular image, a second fisheye image may be a round orelliptical image, and may be transformed to a second rectangular image,and the first and second rectangular images may be arrangedside-by-side, which may include overlapping, and stitched together toform the equirectangular planar image.

Although not expressly shown in FIG. 1, In some implementations, animage capture device 130, 132, 134 may include one or more imagesensors, such as a charge-coupled device (CCD) sensor, an active pixelsensor (APS), a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor,an N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) sensor, and/or any otherimage sensor or combination of image sensors.

Although not expressly shown in FIG. 1, In some implementations, animage capture apparatus 110 may include one or more microphones, whichmay receive, capture, and record audio information, which may beassociated with images acquired by the image sensors.

Although not expressly shown in FIG. 1, the image capture apparatus 110may include one or more other information sources or sensors, such as aninertial measurement unit (IMU), a global positioning system (GPS)receiver component, a pressure sensor, a temperature sensor, a heartrate sensor, or any other unit, or combination of units, that may beincluded in an image capture apparatus.

In some implementations, the image capture apparatus 110 may interfacewith or communicate with an external device, such as the external userinterface (UI) device 120, via a wired (not shown) or wireless (asshown) computing communication link 160. Although a single computingcommunication link 160 is shown in FIG. 1 for simplicity, any number ofcomputing communication links may be used. Although the computingcommunication link 160 shown in FIG. 1 is shown as a direct computingcommunication link, an indirect computing communication link, such as alink including another device or a network, such as the internet, may beused. In some implementations, the computing communication link 160 maybe a Wi-Fi link, an infrared link, a Bluetooth (BT) link, a cellularlink, a ZigBee link, a near field communications (NFC) link, such as anISO/IEC 23243 protocol link, an Advanced Network Technologyinteroperability (ANT+) link, and/or any other wireless communicationslink or combination of links. In some implementations, the computingcommunication link 160 may be an HDMI link, a USB link, a digital videointerface link, a display port interface link, such as a VideoElectronics Standards Association (VESA) digital display interface link,an Ethernet link, a Thunderbolt link, and/or other wired computingcommunication link.

In some implementations, the user interface device 120 may be acomputing device, such as a smartphone, a tablet computer, a phablet, asmart watch, a portable computer, and/or another device or combinationof devices configured to receive user input, communicate informationwith the image capture apparatus 110 via the computing communicationlink 160, or receive user input and communicate information with theimage capture apparatus 110 via the computing communication link 160.

In some implementations, the image capture apparatus 110 may transmitimages, such as panoramic images, or portions thereof, to the userinterface device 120 via the computing communication link 160, and theuser interface device 120 may store, process, display, or a combinationthereof the panoramic images.

In some implementations, the user interface device 120 may display, orotherwise present, content, such as images or video, acquired by theimage capture apparatus 110. For example, a display of the userinterface device 120 may be a viewport into the three-dimensional spacerepresented by the panoramic images or video captured or created by theimage capture apparatus 110.

In some implementations, the user interface device 120 may communicateinformation, such as metadata, to the image capture apparatus 110. Forexample, the user interface device 120 may send orientation informationof the user interface device 120 with respect to a defined coordinatesystem to the image capture apparatus 110, such that the image captureapparatus 110 may determine an orientation of the user interface device120 relative to the image capture apparatus 110. Based on the determinedorientation, the image capture apparatus 110 may identify a portion ofthe panoramic images or video captured by the image capture apparatus110 for the image capture apparatus 110 to send to the user interfacedevice 120 for presentation as the viewport. In some implementations,based on the determined orientation, the image capture apparatus 110 maydetermine the location of the user interface device 120 and/or thedimensions for viewing of a portion of the panoramic images or video.

In an example, a user may rotate (sweep) the user interface device 120through an arc or path 122 in space, as indicated by the arrow shown at122 in FIG. 1. The user interface device 120 may communicate displayorientation information to the image capture apparatus 110 using acommunication interface such as the computing communication link 160.The image capture apparatus 110 may provide an encoded bitstream toenable viewing of a portion of the panoramic content corresponding to aportion of the environment of the display location as the image captureapparatus 110 traverses the path 122. Accordingly, display orientationinformation from the user interface device 120 may be transmitted to theimage capture apparatus 110 to control user selectable viewing ofcaptured images and/or video.

In some implementations, the image capture apparatus 110 may communicatewith one or more other external devices (not shown) via wired orwireless computing communication links (not shown).

In some implementations, data, such as image data, audio data, and/orother data, obtained by the image capture apparatus 110 may beincorporated into a combined multimedia stream. For example, themultimedia stream may include a video track and/or an audio track. Asanother example, information from various metadata sensors and/orsources within and/or coupled to the image capture apparatus 110 may beprocessed to produce a metadata track associated with the video and/oraudio track. The metadata track may include metadata, such as whitebalance metadata, image sensor gain metadata, sensor temperaturemetadata, exposure time metadata, lens aperture metadata, bracketingconfiguration metadata and/or other parameters. In some implementations,a multiplexed stream may be generated to incorporate a video and/oraudio track and one or more metadata tracks.

In some implementations, the user interface device 120 may implement orexecute one or more applications, such as GoPro Studio, GoPro App, orboth, to manage or control the image capture apparatus 110. For example,the user interface device 120 may include an application for controllingcamera configuration, video acquisition, video display, or any otherconfigurable or controllable aspect of the image capture apparatus 110.

In some implementations, the user interface device 120, such as via anapplication (e.g., GoPro App), may generate and share, such as via acloud-based or social media service, one or more images, or short videoclips, such as in response to user input.

In some implementations, the user interface device 120, such as via anapplication (e.g., GoPro App), may remotely control the image captureapparatus 110, such as in response to user input.

In some implementations, the user interface device 120, such as via anapplication (e.g., GoPro App), may display unprocessed or minimallyprocessed images or video captured by the image capture apparatus 110contemporaneously with capturing the images or video by the imagecapture apparatus 110, such as for shot framing, which may be referredto herein as a live preview, and which may be performed in response touser input.

In some implementations, the user interface device 120, such as via anapplication (e.g., GoPro App), may mark one or more key momentscontemporaneously with capturing the images or video by the imagecapture apparatus 110, such as with a HiLight Tag, such as in responseto user input.

In some implementations, the user interface device 120, such as via anapplication (e.g., GoPro App), may display, or otherwise present, marksor tags associated with images or video, such as HiLight Tags, such asin response to user input. For example, marks may be presented in aGoPro Camera Roll application for location review and/or playback ofvideo highlights.

In some implementations, the user interface device 120, such as via anapplication (e.g., GoPro App), may wirelessly control camera software,hardware, or both. For example, the user interface device 120 mayinclude a web-based graphical interface accessible by a user forselecting a live or previously recorded video stream from the imagecapture apparatus 110 for display on the user interface device 120.

In some implementations, the user interface device 120 may receiveinformation indicating a user setting, such as an image resolutionsetting (e.g., 3840 pixels by 2160 pixels), a frame rate setting (e.g.,60 frames per second (fps)), a location setting, and/or a contextsetting, which may indicate an activity, such as mountain biking, inresponse to user input, and may communicate the settings, or relatedinformation, to the image capture apparatus 110.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example of an image capture device 200in accordance with implementations of this disclosure. In someimplementations, an image capture device 200, such as one of the imagecapture devices 130, 132, 134 shown in FIG. 1, which may be an actioncamera, may include an audio component 210, a user interface (UI) unit212, an input/output (I/O) unit 214, a sensor controller 220, aprocessor 222, an electronic storage unit 224, an image sensor 230, ametadata unit 232, an optics unit 234, a communication unit 240, a powersystem 250, or a combination thereof.

In some implementations, the audio component 210, which may include amicrophone, may receive, sample, capture, record, or a combinationthereof audio information, such as sound waves, which may be associatedwith, such as stored in association with, image or video contentcontemporaneously captured by the image capture device 200. In someimplementations, audio information may be encoded using, e.g., AdvancedAudio Coding (AAC), Audio Compression-3 (AC3), Moving Picture ExpertsGroup Layer-3 Audio (MP3), linear Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), MotionPicture Experts Group-High efficiency coding and media delivery inheterogeneous environments (MPEG-H), and/or other audio coding formats(audio codecs). In one or more implementations of spherical video and/oraudio, the audio codec may include a three-dimensional audio codec, suchas Ambisonics. For example, an Ambisonics codec can produce fullsurround audio including a height dimension. Using a G-format Ambisonicscodec, a special decoder may be omitted.

In some implementations, the user interface unit 212 may include one ormore units that may register or receive input from and/or presentoutputs to a user, such as a display, a touch interface, a proximitysensitive interface, a light receiving/emitting unit, a soundreceiving/emitting unit, a wired/wireless unit, and/or other units. Insome implementations, the user interface unit 212 may include a display,one or more tactile elements (e.g., buttons and/or virtual touch screenbuttons), lights (LEDs), speakers, and/or other user interface elements.The user interface unit 212 may receive user input and/or provideinformation to a user related to the operation of the image capturedevice 200.

In some implementations, the user interface unit 212 may include adisplay unit that presents information related to camera control or use,such as operation mode information (e.g., image resolution, frame rate,capture mode, sensor mode, video mode, photo mode), connection statusinformation (e.g., connected, wireless, wired connection), power modeinformation (e.g., standby mode, sensor mode, video mode), informationrelated to other information sources (e.g., heart rate, GPS), and/orother information.

In some implementations, the user interface unit 212 may include a userinterface component such as one or more buttons, which may be operated,such as by a user, to control camera operations, such as to start, stop,pause, and/or resume sensor and/or content capture. The camera controlassociated with respective user interface operations may be defined. Forexample, the camera control associated with respective user interfaceoperations may be defined based on the duration of a button press (pulsewidth modulation), a number of button presses (pulse code modulation),or a combination thereof. In an example, a sensor acquisition mode maybe initiated in response to detecting two short button presses. Inanother example, the initiation of a video mode and cessation of a photomode, or the initiation of a photo mode and cessation of a video mode,may be triggered (toggled) in response to a single short button press.In another example, video or photo capture for a given time duration ora number of frames (burst capture) may be triggered in response to asingle short button press. Other user command or communicationimplementations may also be implemented, such as one or more short orlong button presses.

In some implementations, the I/O unit 214 may synchronize the imagecapture device 200 with other cameras and/or with other externaldevices, such as a remote control, a second image capture device, asmartphone, a user interface device, such as the user interface device120 shown in FIG. 1, and/or a video server. The I/O unit 214 maycommunicate information between I/O components. In some implementations,the I/O unit 214 may be connected to the communication unit 240 toprovide a wired and/or wireless communications interface (e.g., Wi-Fi,Bluetooth, USB, HDMI, Wireless USB, Near Field Communication (NFC),Ethernet, a radio frequency transceiver, and/or other interfaces) forcommunication with one or more external devices, such as a userinterface device, such as the user interface device 120 shown in FIG. 1,or another metadata source. In some implementations, the I/O unit 214may interface with LED lights, a display, a button, a microphone,speakers, and/or other I/O components. In some implementations, the I/Ounit 214 may interface with an energy source, e.g., a battery, and/or aDirect Current (DC) electrical source.

In some implementations, the I/O unit 214 of the image capture device200 may include one or more connections to external computerized devicesfor configuration and/or management of remote devices, as describedherein. The I/O unit 214 may include any of the wireless or wirelineinterfaces described herein, and/or may include customized orproprietary connections for specific applications.

In some implementations, the sensor controller 220 may operate orcontrol the image sensor 230, such as in response to input, such as userinput. In some implementations, the sensor controller 220 may receiveimage and/or video input from the image sensor 230 and may receive audioinformation from the audio component 210.

In some implementations, the processor 222 may include a system on achip (SOC), microcontroller, microprocessor, CPU, DSP,application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), GPU, and/or otherprocessor that may control the operation and functionality of the imagecapture device 200. In some implementations, the processor 222 mayinterface with the sensor controller 220 to obtain and process sensoryinformation for, e.g., object detection, face tracking, stereo vision,and/or other image processing.

In some implementations, the sensor controller 220, the processor 222,or both may synchronize information received by the image capture device200. For example, timing information may be associated with receivedsensor data, and metadata information may be related to content(photo/video) captured by the image sensor 230 based on the timinginformation. In some implementations, the metadata capture may bedecoupled from video/image capture. For example, metadata may be storedbefore, after, and in-between the capture, processing, or storage of oneor more video clips and/or images.

In some implementations, the sensor controller 220, the processor 222,or both may evaluate or process received metadata and may generate othermetadata information. For example, the sensor controller 220 mayintegrate the received acceleration information to determine a velocityprofile for the image capture device 200 concurrent with recording avideo. In some implementations, video information may include multipleframes of pixels and may be encoded using an encoding method (e.g.,H.265, H.264, CineForm, and/or other codec).

Although not shown separately in FIG. 2, one or more of the audiocomponent 210, the user interface unit 212, the I/O unit 214, the sensorcontroller 220, the processor 222, the electronic storage unit 224, theimage sensor 230, the metadata unit 232, the optics unit 234, thecommunication unit 240, or the power systems 250 of the image capturedevice 200 may communicate information, power, or both with one or moreother units, such as via an electronic communication pathway, such as asystem bus. For example, the processor 222 may interface with the audiocomponent 210, the user interface unit 212, the I/O unit 214, the sensorcontroller 220, the electronic storage unit 224, the image sensor 230,the metadata unit 232, the optics unit 234, the communication unit 240,or the power systems 250 via one or more driver interfaces and/orsoftware abstraction layers. In some implementations, one or more of theunits shown in FIG. 2 may include a dedicated processing unit, memoryunit, or both (not shown). In some implementations, one or morecomponents may be operable by one or more other control processes. Forexample, a GPS receiver may include a processing apparatus that mayprovide position and/or motion information to the processor 222 inaccordance with a defined schedule (e.g., values of latitude, longitude,and elevation at 10 Hz).

In some implementations, the electronic storage unit 224 may include asystem memory module that may store executable computer instructionsthat, when executed by the processor 222, perform variousfunctionalities including those described herein. For example, theelectronic storage unit 224 may be a non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium, which may include executable instructions, and aprocessor, such as the processor 222 may execute the instruction toperform one or more, or portions of one or more, of the operationsdescribed herein. The electronic storage unit 224 may include storagememory for storing content (e.g., metadata, images, audio) captured bythe image capture device 200.

In some implementations, the electronic storage unit 224 may includenon-transitory memory for storing configuration information and/orprocessing code for video information and metadata capture, and/or toproduce a multimedia stream that may include video information andmetadata in accordance with the present disclosure. In someimplementations, the configuration information may include capture type(video, still images), image resolution, frame rate, burst setting,white balance, recording configuration (e.g., loop mode), audio trackconfiguration, and/or other parameters that may be associated withaudio, video, and/or metadata capture. In some implementations, theelectronic storage unit 224 may include memory that may be used by otherhardware/firmware/software elements of the image capture device 200.

In some implementations, the image sensor 230 may include one or more ofa charge-coupled device sensor, an active pixel sensor, a complementarymetal-oxide semiconductor sensor, an N-type metal-oxide-semiconductorsensor, and/or another image sensor or combination of image sensors. Insome implementations, the image sensor 230 may be controlled based oncontrol signals from a sensor controller 220.

The image sensor 230 may sense or sample light waves gathered by theoptics unit 234 and may produce image data or signals. The image sensor230 may generate an output signal conveying visual information regardingthe objects or other content corresponding to the light waves receivedby the optics unit 234. The visual information may include one or moreof an image, a video, and/or other visual information.

In some implementations, the image sensor 230 may include a videosensor, an acoustic sensor, a capacitive sensor, a radio sensor, avibrational sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, an infrared sensor, a radarsensor, a Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) sensor, a sonar sensor, orany other sensory unit or combination of sensory units capable ofdetecting or determining information in a computing environment.

In some implementations, the metadata unit 232 may include sensors suchas an IMU, which may include one or more accelerometers and/orgyroscopes, a magnetometer, a compass, a GPS sensor, an altimeter, anambient light sensor, a temperature sensor, and/or other sensors orcombinations of sensors. In some implementations, the image capturedevice 200 may contain one or more other metadata/telemetry sources,e.g., image sensor parameters, battery monitor, storage parameters,and/or other information related to camera operation and/or capture ofcontent. The metadata unit 232 may obtain information related to theenvironment of the image capture device 200 and aspects in which thecontent is captured.

For example, the metadata unit 232 may include an accelerometer that mayprovide device motion information including velocity and/or accelerationvectors representative of motion of the image capture device 200. Inanother example, the metadata unit 232 may include a gyroscope that mayprovide orientation information describing the orientation of the imagecapture device 200. In another example, the metadata unit 232 mayinclude a GPS sensor that may provide GPS coordinates, time, andinformation identifying a location of the image capture device 200. Inanother example, the metadata unit 232 may include an altimeter that mayobtain information indicating an altitude of the image capture device200.

In some implementations, the metadata unit 232, or one or more portionsthereof, may be rigidly coupled to the image capture device 200 suchthat motion, changes in orientation, or changes in the location of theimage capture device 200 may be accurately detected by the metadata unit232. Although shown as a single unit, the metadata unit 232, or one ormore portions thereof, may be implemented as multiple distinct units.For example, the metadata unit 232 may include a temperature sensor as afirst physical unit and a GPS unit as a second physical unit. In someimplementations, the metadata unit 232, or one or more portions thereof,may be included in an image capture device 200 as shown, or may beincluded in a physically separate unit operatively coupled to, such asin communication with, the image capture device 200.

In some implementations, the optics unit 234 may include one or more ofa lens, macro lens, zoom lens, special-purpose lens, telephoto lens,prime lens, achromatic lens, apochromatic lens, process lens, wide-anglelens, ultra-wide-angle lens, fisheye lens, infrared lens, ultravioletlens, perspective control lens, other lens, and/or other opticscomponent. In some implementations, the optics unit 234 may include afocus controller unit that may control the operation and configurationof the camera lens. The optics unit 234 may receive light from an objectand may focus received light onto an image sensor 230. Although notshown separately in FIG. 2, in some implementations, the optics unit 234and the image sensor 230 may be combined, such as in a combined physicalunit, such as a housing.

In some implementations, the communication unit 240 may be coupled tothe I/O unit 214 and may include a component (e.g., a dongle) having aninfrared sensor, a radio frequency transceiver and antenna, anultrasonic transducer, and/or other communications interfaces used tosend and receive wireless communication signals. In someimplementations, the communication unit 240 may include a local (e.g.,Bluetooth, Wi-Fi) and/or broad range (e.g., cellular LTE) communicationsinterface for communication between the image capture device 200 and aremote device (e.g., the user interface device 120 in FIG. 1). Thecommunication unit 240 may communicate using, for example, Ethernet,802.11, worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), 3G,Long Term Evolution (LTE), digital subscriber line (DSL), asynchronoustransfer mode (ATM), InfiniBand, PCI Express Advanced Switching, and/orother communication technologies. In some implementations, thecommunication unit 240 may communicate using networking protocols, suchas multiprotocol label switching (MPLS), transmission controlprotocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP),hypertext transport protocol (HTTP), simple mail transfer protocol(SMTP), file transfer protocol (FTP), and/or other networking protocols.

Information exchanged via the communication unit 240 may be representedusing formats including one or more of hypertext markup language (HTML),extensible markup language (XML), and/or other formats. One or moreexchanges of information between the image capture device 200 and remoteor external devices may be encrypted using encryption technologiesincluding one or more of secure sockets layer (SSL), transport layersecurity (TLS), virtual private networks (VPNs), Internet Protocolsecurity (IPsec), and/or other encryption technologies.

In some implementations, the one or more power systems 250 supply powerto the image capture device 200. For example, for a small-sized,lower-power action camera a wireless power solution (e.g., battery,solar cell, inductive (contactless) power source, rectification, and/orother power supply) may be used.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the components of the imagecapture device 200 may be remote from one another and/or aggregated. Forexample, one or more sensor components may be distal from the imagecapture device 200, e.g., such as shown and described with respect toFIG. 1. Multiple mechanical, sensory, or electrical units may becontrolled by a learning apparatus via network/radio connectivity.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an example of a dual-lens imagecapture apparatus 300 including overlapping fields-of-view 310, 312 inaccordance with implementations of this disclosure. In someimplementations, the image capture apparatus 300 may be a sphericalimage capture apparatus with fields-of-view 310, 312 as shown in FIG. 3.For example, the image capture apparatus 300 may include image capturedevices 320, 322, related components, or a combination thereof, arrangedin a back-to-back or Janus configuration. For example, a first imagecapture device 320 may include a first lens 330 and a first image sensor340, and a second image capture device 322 may include a second lens 332and a second image sensor 342 arranged oppositely from the first lens330 and the first image sensor 340.

The first lens 330 of the image capture apparatus 300 may have thefield-of-view 310 shown above a boundary 350. Behind the first lens 330,the first image sensor 340 may capture a first hyper-hemispherical imageplane from light entering the first lens 330, corresponding to the firstfield-of-view 310.

The second lens 332 of the image capture apparatus 300 may have afield-of-view 312 as shown below a boundary 352. Behind the second lens332, the second image sensor 342 may capture a secondhyper-hemispherical image plane from light entering the second lens 332,corresponding to the second field-of-view 312.

In some implementations, one or more areas, such as blind spots 360,362, may be outside of the fields-of-view 310, 312 of the lenses 330,332, light may be obscured from the lenses 330, 332 and the respectiveimage sensors 340, 342, and content in the blind spots 360, 362 may beomitted from capture. In some implementations, the image captureapparatus 300 may be configured to minimize the blind spots 360, 362.

In some implementations, the fields-of-view 310, 312 may overlap. Stitchpoints 370, 372, proximal to the image capture apparatus 300, at whichthe fields-of-view 310, 312 overlap may be referred to herein as overlappoints or stitch points. Content captured by the respective lenses 330,332, distal to the stitch points 370, 372, may overlap.

In some implementations, images contemporaneously captured by therespective image sensors 340, 342 may be combined to form a combinedimage. Combining the respective images may include correlating theoverlapping regions captured by the respective image sensors 340, 342,aligning the captured fields-of-view 310, 312, and stitching the imagestogether to form a cohesive combined image.

In some implementations, a small change in the alignment (e.g., positionand/or tilt) of the lenses 330, 332, the image sensors 340, 342, or bothmay change the relative positions of their respective fields-of-view310, 312 and the locations of the stitch points 370, 372. A change inalignment may affect the size of the blind spots 360, 362, which mayinclude changing the size of the blind spots 360, 362 unequally.

In some implementations, incomplete or inaccurate information indicatingthe alignment of the image capture devices 320, 322, such as thelocations of the stitch points 370, 372, may decrease the accuracy,efficiency, or both of generating a combined image. In someimplementations, the image capture apparatus 300 may maintaininformation indicating the location and orientation of the lenses 330,332 and the image sensors 340, 342 such that the fields-of-view 310,312, stitch points 370, 372, or both may be accurately determined, whichmay improve the accuracy, efficiency, or both of generating a combinedimage.

In some implementations, optical axes through the lenses 330, 332 may besubstantially antiparallel to each other, such that the respective axesmay be within a tolerance such as 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, and/or othertolerances. In some implementations, the image sensors 340, 342 may besubstantially perpendicular to the optical axes through their respectivelenses 330, 332, such that the image sensors may be perpendicular to therespective axes to within a tolerance such as 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, and/orother tolerances.

In some implementations, the lenses 330, 332 may be laterally offsetfrom each other, may be off-center from a central axis of the imagecapture apparatus 300, or may be laterally offset and off-center fromthe central axis. As compared to an image capture apparatus withback-to-back lenses (e.g., lenses aligned along the same axis), theimage capture apparatus 300 including laterally offset lenses 330, 332may include substantially reduced thickness relative to the lengths ofthe lens barrels securing the lenses 330, 332. For example, the overallthickness of the image capture apparatus 300 may be close to the lengthof a single lens barrel as opposed to twice the length of a single lensbarrel as in a back-to-back configuration. Reducing the lateral distancebetween the lenses 330, 332 may improve the overlap in thefields-of-view 310, 312.

In some implementations, images or frames captured by an image captureapparatus, such as the image capture apparatus 110 shown in FIG. 1 orthe image capture apparatus 300 shown in FIG. 3, may be combined,merged, or stitched together, to produce a combined image, such as aspherical or panoramic image, which may be an equirectangular planarimage. In some implementations, generating a combined image may includethree-dimensional, or spatiotemporal, noise reduction (3DNR). In someimplementations, pixels along the stitching boundary may be matchedaccurately to minimize boundary discontinuities.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an example of an image processing andcoding pipeline 400 in accordance with implementations of thisdisclosure. In some implementations, the image processing and codingpipeline 400 may be included in an image capture device, such as theimage capture device 200 shown in FIG. 2, or an image capture apparatus,such as the image capture apparatus 110 shown in FIG. 1 or the imagecapture apparatus 300 shown in FIG. 3. In some implementations, theimage processing and coding pipeline 400 may include an image signalprocessor (ISP) 410, an encoder 420, or a combination thereof.

In some implementations, the image signal processor 410 may receive aninput image signal 430. For example, an image sensor (not shown), suchas image sensor 230 shown in FIG. 2, may capture an image, or a portionthereof, and may send, or transmit, the captured image, or imageportion, to the image signal processor 410 as the input image signal430. In some implementations, an image, or frame, such as an image, orframe, included in the input image signal, may be one of a sequence orseries of images or frames of a video, such as a sequence, or series, offrames captured at a rate, or frame rate, which may be a number orcardinality of frames captured per defined temporal period, such as 24,30, or 60 frames per second.

In some implementations, the image signal processor 410 may include alocal motion estimation (LME) unit 412, which may generate local motionestimation information for use in image signal processing and encoding,such as in correcting distortion, stitching, and/or motion compensation.In some implementations, the local motion estimation unit 412 maypartition the input image signal 430 into blocks (e.g., having 4×4,16×16, 64×64, and/or other dimensions). In some implementations, thelocal motion estimation unit 412 may partition the input image signal430 into arbitrarily shaped patches and/or individual pixels.

In some implementations, the local motion estimation unit 412 maycompare pixel values of blocks of pixels between image frames, such assuccessive image frames, from the input image signal 430 to determinedisplacement, or movement, between frames. The local motion estimationunit 412 may produce motion vectors (e.g., an x component and ycomponent of motion) at multiple locations within an image frame. Themotion vectors may be represented by a translational model or othermodels that may approximate camera motion, such as rotation andtranslation in three dimensions, and zooming.

In some implementations, the image signal processor 410 of the imageprocessing and coding pipeline 400 may include electronic storage 414,such as memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM), flash, or other typesof memory). The electronic storage 414 may store local motion estimationinformation 416 determined by the local motion estimation unit 412 forone or more frames. The local motion estimation information 416 andassociated image or images may be passed as output 440 to the encoder420. In some implementations, the electronic storage 414 may include abuffer, or cache, and may buffer the input image signal as an input, orsource, image, or frame.

In some implementations, the image signal processor 410 may output animage, associated local motion estimation information 416, or both asthe output 440. For example, the image signal processor 410 may receivethe input image signal 430, process the input image signal 430, andoutput a processed image as the output 440. Processing the input imagesignal 430 may include generating and using the local motion estimationinformation 416, spatiotemporal noise reduction (3DNR), dynamic rangeenhancement, local tone adjustment, exposure adjustment, contrastadjustment, image stitching, and/or other operations.

The encoder 420 may encode or compress the output 440 of the imagesignal processor 410. In some implementations, the encoder 420 mayimplement the one or more encoding standards, which may include motionestimation.

In some implementations, the encoder 420 may output encoded video as anencoded output 450. For example, the encoder 420 may receive the output440 of the image signal processor 410, which may include processedimages, the local motion estimation information 416, or both. Theencoder 420 may encode the images and may output the encoded images asthe encoded output 450.

In some implementations, the encoder 420 may include a motion estimationunit 422 that may determine motion information for encoding the image ofoutput 440 of the image signal processor 410. In some implementations,the encoder 420 may encode the image of output 440 of the image signalprocessor 410 using motion information generated by the motionestimation unit 422 of the encoder 420, the local motion estimationinformation 416 generated by the local motion estimation unit 412 of theimage signal processor 410, or a combination thereof. For example, themotion estimation unit 422 may determine motion information at pixelblock sizes that may differ from pixel block sizes used by the localmotion estimation unit 412. In another example, the motion estimationunit 422 of the encoder 420 may generate motion information and theencoder may encode the image of output 440 of the image signal processor410 using the motion information generated by the motion estimation unit422 of the encoder 420 and the local motion estimation information 416generated by the local motion estimation unit 412 of the image signalprocessor 410. In another example, the motion estimation unit 422 of theencoder 420 may use the local motion estimation information 416generated by the local motion estimation unit 412 of the image signalprocessor 410 as input for efficiently and accurately generating motioninformation.

In some implementations, the image signal processor 410, the encoder420, or both may be distinct units, as shown. For example, the imagesignal processor 410 may include a motion estimation unit, such as thelocal motion estimation unit 412 as shown, and/or the encoder 420 mayinclude a motion estimation unit, such as the motion estimation unit422.

In some implementations, the image signal processor 410 may store motioninformation, such as the local motion estimation information 416, in amemory, such as the electronic storage 414, and the encoder 420 may readthe motion information from the electronic storage 414 or otherwisereceive the motion information from the image signal processor 410. Theencoder 420 may use the motion estimation information determined by theimage signal processor 410 for motion compensation processing.

FIG. 5 is a functional block diagram of an example of an image signalprocessor 500 in accordance with implementations of this disclosure. Animage signal processor 500 may be included in an image capture device,such as the image capture device 200 shown in FIG. 2, or an imagecapture apparatus, such as the image capture apparatus 110 shown in FIG.1 or the image capture apparatus 300 shown in FIG. 3. In someimplementations, the image signal processor 500 may be similar to theimage signal processor 410 shown in FIG. 4.

The image signal processor 500 may receive an image signal, such as froman image sensor (not shown), such as the image sensor 230 shown in FIG.2, in a defined format, such as a format of the image sensor, which maybe referred to herein as “raw,” such as “a raw image,” “raw image data,”“raw data,” “a raw signal,” or “a raw image signal.” For example, theraw image signal may be in a format such as RGB format, which mayrepresent individual pixels using a combination of values or components,such as a red component (R), a green component (G), and a blue component(B). In some implementations, the image signal processor 500 may convertthe raw image data (RGB data) to another format, such as a formatexpressing individual pixels using a combination of values orcomponents, such as a luminance, or luma, value (Y), a blue chrominance,or chroma, value (U or Cb), and a red chroma value (V or Cr), such asthe YUV or YCbCr formats.

The image signal processor 500 may include a front image signalprocessor (Front ISP) 510, or multiple front image signal processors asshown, a local motion estimation (LME) unit 520, a local motioncompensation (LMC) unit 522, a global motion compensation (GMC) unit524, a high dynamic range (HDR) unit 530, a three-dimensional noisereduction (3DNR) unit 540, which may include a temporal noise reduction(TNR) unit 542 and a raw to raw (R2R) unit 544, a raw to YUV (R2Y) unit550, a YUV to YUV (Y2Y) unit 560, a warp and blend unit 570, a stitchingcost unit 580, a scaler 585, an image signal processor bus (ISP BUS)590, a configuration controller 595, or a combination thereof.

Although not shown expressly in FIG. 5, in some implementations, one ormore of the front image signal processor 510, the local motionestimation unit 520, the local motion compensation unit 522, the globalmotion compensation unit 524, the high dynamic range unit 530, thethree-dimensional noise reduction unit 540, the temporal noise reductionunit 542, the raw to raw unit 544, the raw to YUV unit 550, the YUV toYUV unit 560, the warp and blend unit 570, the stitching cost unit 580,the scaler 585, the image signal processor bus 590, the configurationcontroller 595, or any combination thereof, may include a respectiveclock, power domain, or both.

In some implementations, the front image signal processor 510 mayminimally process image signals received from respective image sensors,which may include image scaling. Scaling, by the front image signalprocessor 510, may include processing pixels, such as a definedcardinality of pixels, corresponding to a determined quality. Forexample, the front image signal processor 510 may correct dead pixels,perform band processing, decouple vertical blanking, or a combinationthereof. In some implementations, the front image signal processor 510may output a high resolution frame, one or more downscaled, or reduced,resolution frames, such as a ½×½ resolution frame, a ¼×¼ resolutionframe, a ⅛×⅛ resolution frame, a 1/16× 1/16 resolution frame, a 1/32×1/32 resolution frame, or any combination thereof.

In some implementations, a multiple camera apparatus, such as the imagecapture apparatus 110 shown in FIG. 1, may include multiple imagecapture devices, such as the image capture device 200 shown in FIG. 2,and may include a respective front image signal processor 510 associatedwith each image capture device.

The local motion estimation unit 520 may receive a target image (e.g., atarget frame of video) and a reference image (e.g., a reference frame ofvideo) and determine motion information (e.g., a set of motion vectors)that may be used to determine a transformation that may be applied tothe reference image to better align image portions (e.g., pixels orblocks of pixels) of the reference image with corresponding imageportions of the target image.

The local motion estimation unit 520 may receive, or otherwise access, atarget image, or one or more portions thereof, which may be a currentinput frame, such as via the image signal processor bus 590. In someimplementations, the local motion estimation unit 520 may receive thetarget image, at a downscaled, or reduced, resolution. In someimplementations, such as implementations implementing high dynamic rangeimage processing, the target image may be a long exposure input frame.

The local motion estimation unit 520 may receive, or otherwise access, areference image, or one or more portions thereof, such as via the imagesignal processor bus 590. In some implementations, such asimplementations including temporal noise reduction, the reference imagemay be a recirculated frame that has been generated based on one or moreprevious frames of video from an image sensor. For example, thereference image may be a recirculated frame from the three-dimensionalnoise reduction unit 540. In some implementations, such asimplementations including high dynamic range image processing, thereference image may be a short exposure input frame corresponding to thelong exposure input frame that will be combined with the long exposureinput frame to obtain a high dynamic range frame.

In some implementations, the local motion estimation unit 520 mayreceive, or otherwise access, previously generated motion information,such as previously generated motion vectors for the target image ormotion information for a previously processed frame.

The local motion estimation unit 520 may determine motion information,such as motion vectors, representing motion between the reference imageand the target image, such as motion caused by moving objects in thefield-of-view or non-rotational motion, or translation, of thefield-of-view. The local motion estimation unit 520 may output themotion information. For example, the local motion estimation unit 520may output motion vectors to the local motion compensation unit 522.

The local motion compensation unit 522 may receive, or otherwise access,a reference image, or one or more portions thereof, such as via theimage signal processor bus 590. In some implementations, such asimplementations implementing temporal noise reduction processing, thereference image may be a recirculated frame (e.g., from thethree-dimensional noise reduction unit 540). In some implementations,such as implementations implementing high dynamic range imageprocessing, the reference image may be the short exposure input frame,where a corresponding long exposure frame has been used as the targetimage. In some implementations, such as implementations implementinghigh dynamic range image processing, the reference image may be a longexposure input frame, where a corresponding short exposure frame hasbeen used as the target image.

The local motion compensation unit 522 may receive, or otherwise access,motion information, such as motion vectors, associated with thereference image. For example, the local motion compensation unit 522 mayreceive the motion vectors from the local motion estimation unit 520.

The local motion compensation unit 522 may generate or obtain aprediction image (e.g., a prediction frame), or a portion thereof, suchas a prediction block, which may be a prediction of the target image, ora portion thereof, such as a target block of the target image, based onthe reference image, or a portion thereof, and the local motioninformation. For example, a prediction image may be obtained by applyinga transformation, which is based on the local motion information, to thereference image (e.g., a recirculated frame or a short exposure frame).The local motion compensation unit 522 may output a local motionprediction image, or one or more portions thereof, which may be referredto herein as a local motion compensated image (e.g., a local motioncompensated frame of video).

The global motion compensation unit 524 may receive, or otherwiseaccess, the reference image, or one or more portions thereof, such asvia the image signal processor bus 590. In some implementations, such asimplementations implementing temporal noise reduction processing, thereference image may be a recirculated frame (e.g., from thethree-dimensional noise reduction unit 540). In some implementations,such as implementations implementing high dynamic range imageprocessing, the reference image may be a short exposure input frame,where a corresponding long exposure input frame has been used as thetarget image. In some implementations, such as implementationsimplementing high dynamic range image processing, the reference imagemay be a long exposure input frame, where a corresponding short exposureinput frame has been used as the target image.

The global motion compensation unit 524 may receive, or otherwiseaccess, global motion information, such as global motion informationfrom a gyroscopic unit of the image capture apparatus, such as agyroscopic sensor included in the metadata unit 232 shown in FIG. 2,corresponding to a time period between capture of the reference imageand capture of the target image. The global motion information mayindicate a non-translational change in the orientation of thefield-of-view relative to the content captured in respective images. Forexample, the global motion information may indicate a horizontal changeof the field-of-view, which may indicate that the corresponding camerapanned, or rotated, around a vertical axis. In another example, theglobal motion information may indicate a vertical change of thefield-of-view, which may indicate that the camera tilted or rotatedaround an axis perpendicular to the lens. In another example, the globalmotion information may indicate a rotational change of the field-of-viewrelative to the horizon, which may indicate that the camera rolled orrotated around an axis parallel to the lens. The global motioninformation may be distinct from motion information, such as translationmotion information, indicating a change in the geospatial location ofthe image capture apparatus, which may include a change associated withchanging an elevation of the image capture apparatus.

The global motion compensation unit 524 may generate or obtain aprediction image (e.g., a prediction frame of video), or a portionthereof, such as a prediction block, which may be a prediction of thetarget image, or a portion thereof, such as a target block of the targetimage, based on the reference image, or a portion thereof, and theglobal motion information. For example, a prediction image may beobtained by applying a transformation, which is based on the globalmotion information, to the reference image (e.g., a recirculated frameor a short exposure frame). The global motion compensation unit 524 mayoutput a global motion prediction image, or one or more portionsthereof, which may be referred to herein as a global motion compensatedimage (e.g., a global motion compensated frame of video).

The high dynamic range unit 530 may receive, or otherwise access, (e.g.,from the front image signal processor 510) multiple images of a scenethat have been captured with different exposure times. The high dynamicrange unit 530 may combine the images captured with different exposuretimes to obtain a high dynamic range image. For example, the highdynamic range unit 530 may combine two images, a long exposure image anda short exposure image, to obtain a high dynamic range image. Forexample, image portions (e.g., pixels or blocks of pixels) of the highdynamic range image may be determined based on corresponding imageportions the short exposure image where the respective image portions ofthe long exposure image have saturated pixel values and may otherwisedetermine image portions of the high dynamic range based oncorresponding image portions the long exposure image. In someimplementations, motion compensation (e.g., local motion compensation bythe local motion compensation unit 522 and/or global motion compensationby the global motion compensation unit 524) may be applied to either thelong exposure image or the short exposure image to better align pixelscorresponding to objects appearing in the field of view of the two inputimages. For example, the high dynamic range unit 530 may combine a longexposure image with a motion compensated short exposure image. Forexample, the high dynamic range unit 530 may combine a short exposureimage with a motion compensated long exposure image. The high dynamicrange unit 530 may receive, or otherwise access, the local motionprediction image, or a portion thereof, from the local motioncompensation unit 522. The high dynamic range unit 530 may receive, orotherwise access, the global motion prediction image, or a portionthereof, from the global motion compensation unit 524.

The high dynamic range unit 530 may output the high dynamic range image.For example, the high dynamic range unit 530 may output the high dynamicrange image by storing the high dynamic range image in memory, such asshared memory, via the image signal processor bus 590, or the highdynamic range unit 530 may output the high dynamic range image directlyto another unit of the image signal processor 500, such as the temporalnoise reduction unit 542.

In some implementations, the high dynamic range unit 530 may be omitted,or high dynamic range processing by the high dynamic range unit 530 maybe omitted.

The three-dimensional noise reduction unit 540 may include the temporalnoise reduction (TNR) unit 542, the raw to raw (R2R) unit 544, or both.

The temporal noise reduction unit 542 may receive the current inputframe, or one or more portions thereof, such as from the front imagesignal processor 510 or via the image signal processor bus 590. In someimplementations, such as implementations implementing high dynamic rangeimage processing, the temporal noise reduction unit 542 may receive thehigh dynamic range input frame, or one or more portions thereof, such asfrom the high dynamic range unit 530, as the current input frame.

The temporal noise reduction unit 542 may receive, or otherwise access,a local motion prediction frame from the local motion compensation unit522. The temporal noise reduction unit 542 may receive, or otherwiseaccess, the global motion prediction frame from the global motioncompensation unit 524.

The temporal noise reduction unit 542 may reduce temporal noise in thecurrent input frame, which may include recursively reducing temporalnoise in a sequence of input images, such as a video. Recursive temporalnoise reduction may include combining a current image from a sequence ofimages (e.g., a current frame from a video) with a recirculated imagethat is based on one or more previous images from the sequence of imagesto obtain a noise reduced image. Details of this combination (e.g.,mixing weights for respective image portions) may be determined based onnoise level information (e.g., a noise map) for the recirculated image.

The temporal noise reduction unit 542 may generate output including apixel value and associated noise variance for the pixel value for one ormore pixels of the noise reduced image (e.g., the noise reduced frame).

The raw to raw unit 544 may perform spatial denoising of frames of rawimages based on noise variance values received from the temporal noisereduction unit 542. For example, spatial denoising in the raw to rawunit 544 may include multiple passes of image signal processing,including passes at various resolutions.

The raw to YUV unit 550 may demosaic, and/or color process, the framesof raw images, which may include representing each pixel in the YUVformat, which may include a combination of a luminance (Y) component andtwo chrominance (UV) components.

The YUV to YUV unit 560 may perform local tone mapping of YUV images. Insome implementations, the YUV to YUV unit 560 may include multi-scalelocal tone mapping using a single pass approach or a multi-pass approachon a frame at different scales.

The warp and blend unit 570 may warp images, blend images, or both. Insome implementations, the warp and blend unit 570 may warp a coronaaround the equator of each frame to a rectangle. For example, the warpand blend unit 570 may warp a corona around the equator of each frame toa rectangle based on the corresponding low resolution frame generated bythe front image signal processor 510.

The warp and blend unit 570 may apply one or more transformations to theframes. In some implementations, spherical images produced by amulti-face camera device, such as the image capture apparatus 110 shownin FIG. 1 or the image capture apparatus 300 shown in FIG. 3, may bewarped and/or blended by the warp and blend unit 570 to correct fordistortions at image edges. In some implementations, the warp and blendunit 570 may apply a transformation that is subject to a close toidentity constraint, wherein a location of a pixel in an input image tothe warp and blend unit 570 may be similar to, such as within a defineddistance threshold of, a location of a corresponding pixel in an outputimage from the warp and blend unit 570. For example, the warp and blendunit 570 may include an internal memory, which may have a size, such as100 lines, which may be smaller than a size of a frame, and the warp andblend unit 570 may process the input image data in raster-in/raster-outorder using a transformation that is subject to a close to identityconstraint.

In some implementations, the warp and blend unit 570 may apply atransformation that is independent of close to identity constraints,which may include processing the input image data inraster-in/dynamic-out or dynamic-in/raster-out order. For example, thewarp and blend unit 570 may transform two or more non-rectilinear(fisheye) images to generate a combined frame, such as anequirectangular frame, by processing the input image data inraster-in/dynamic-out or dynamic-in/raster-out order.

The stitching cost unit 580 may generate a stitching cost map as anoutput. In some implementations, the cost map may be represented as arectangle having disparity x and longitude y based on a warping. Eachvalue of the cost map may be a cost function of a disparity x value fora corresponding longitude. Cost maps may be generated for variousscales, longitudes, and disparities.

The scaler 585 may scale images received from the output of the warp andblend unit 570, which may be in patches, or blocks, of pixels, such as16×16 blocks, 8×8 blocks, or patches or blocks of any other size orcombination of sizes.

The image signal processor bus 590 may be a bus or interconnect, such asan on-chip interconnect or embedded microcontroller bus interface, forcommunication between the front image signal processor 510, the temporalnoise reduction unit 542, the local motion compensation unit 522, theraw to raw unit 544, the raw to YUV unit 550, the YUV to YUV unit 560,the combined warp and blend unit 570, the stitching cost unit 580, thescaler 585, the configuration controller 595, or any combinationthereof.

The configuration controller 595 may coordinate image processing by thefront image signal processor 510, the local motion estimation unit 520,the local motion compensation unit 522, the global motion compensationunit 524, the high dynamic range unit 530, the three-dimensional noisereduction unit 540, the temporal noise reduction unit 542, the raw toraw unit 544, the raw to YUV unit 550, the YUV to YUV unit 560, the warpand blend unit 570, the stitching cost unit 580, the scaler 585, theimage signal processor bus 590, or any combination thereof, of the imagesignal processor 500. For example, the configuration controller 595 maycontrol camera alignment model calibration, auto-exposure, auto-whitebalance, or any other camera calibration or similar process orcombination of processes. In some implementations, the configurationcontroller 595 may be a microcontroller. The configuration controller595 is shown in FIG. 5 using broken lines to indicate that theconfiguration controller 595 may be included in the image signalprocessor 500 or may be external to, and in communication with, theimage signal processor 500. The configuration controller 595 may includea respective clock, power domain, or both.

FIG. 6A is a block diagram of an example of a system 600 configured forimage capture and stitching. The system 600 includes an image capturedevice 610 (e.g., a camera or a drone) that includes a processingapparatus 612 that is configured to receive a first image from a firstimage sensor 614 and receive a second image from a second image sensor616. The processing apparatus 612 may be configured to perform imagesignal processing (e.g., filtering, stitching, and/or encoding) togenerated composite images based on image data from the image sensors614 and 616. The image capture device 610 includes a communicationsinterface 618 for transferring images to other devices. The imagecapture device 610 includes a user interface 620, which may allow a userto control image capture functions and/or view images. The image capturedevice 610 includes a battery 622 for powering the image capture device610. The components of the image capture device 610 may communicate witheach other via a bus 624. The system 600 may be used to implementtechniques described in this disclosure, such as the technique 900 ofFIG. 9 and/or the technique 1100 of FIG. 11.

The processing apparatus 612 may include one or more processors havingsingle or multiple processing cores. The processing apparatus 612 mayinclude memory, such as random access memory device (RAM), flash memory,or any other suitable type of storage device such as a non-transitorycomputer readable memory. The memory of the processing apparatus 612 mayinclude executable instructions and data that can be accessed by one ormore processors of the processing apparatus 612. For example, theprocessing apparatus 612 may include one or more DRAM modules such asdouble data rate synchronous dynamic random-access memory (DDR SDRAM).In some implementations, the processing apparatus 612 may include adigital signal processor (DSP). In some implementations, the processingapparatus 612 may include an application specific integrated circuit(ASIC). For example, the processing apparatus 612 may include a customimage signal processor.

The first image sensor 614 and the second image sensor 616 areconfigured to detect light of a certain spectrum (e.g., the visiblespectrum or the infrared spectrum) and convey information constitutingan image as electrical signals (e.g., analog or digital signals). Forexample, the image sensors 614 and 616 may include charge-coupleddevices (CCD) or active pixel sensors in complementarymetal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS). The image sensors 614 and 616 maydetect light incident through respective lens (e.g., a fisheye lens). Insome implementations, the image sensors 614 and 616 include digital toanalog converters. In some implementations, the image sensors 614 and616 are held in a fixed orientation with respective fields of view thatoverlap. For example, the image sensors 614 and 616 may be configured tocapture image data using a plurality of selectable exposure times.

The image capture device 610 may include the communications interface618, which may enable communications with a personal computing device(e.g., a smartphone, a tablet, a laptop computer, or a desktopcomputer). For example, the communications interface 618 may be used toreceive commands controlling image capture and processing in the imagecapture device 610. For example, the communications interface 618 may beused to transfer image data to a personal computing device. For example,the communications interface 618 may include a wired interface, such asa high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI), a universal serial bus(USB) interface, or a FireWire interface. For example, thecommunications interface 618 may include a wireless interface, such as aBluetooth interface, a ZigBee interface, and/or a Wi-Fi interface.

The image capture device 610 may include the user interface 620. Forexample, the user interface 620 may include an LCD display forpresenting images and/or messages to a user. For example, the userinterface 620 may include a button or switch enabling a person tomanually turn the image capture device 610 on and off. For example, theuser interface 620 may include a shutter button for snapping pictures.

The image capture device 610 may include the battery 622 that powers theimage capture device 610 and/or its peripherals. For example, thebattery 622 may be charged wirelessly or through a micro-USB interface.

FIG. 6B is a block diagram of an example of a system 630 configured forimage capture and stitching. The system 630 includes an image capturedevice 640 that communicates via a communications link 650 with apersonal computing device 660. The image capture device 640 includes afirst image sensor 642 and a second image sensor 644 that are configuredto capture respective images. The image capture device 640 includes acommunications interface 646 configured to transfer images via thecommunication link 650 to the personal computing device 660. Thepersonal computing device 660 includes a processing apparatus 662, auser interface 664, and a communications interface 666. The processingapparatus 662 is configured to receive, using the communicationsinterface 666, a first image from the first image sensor 642, andreceive a second image from the second image sensor 644. The processingapparatus 662 may be configured to perform image signal processing(e.g., filtering, stitching, and/or encoding) to generated compositeimages based on image data from the image sensors 642 and 644. Thesystem 630 may be used to implement techniques described in thisdisclosure, such as the technique 900 of FIG. 9 and/or the technique1100 of FIG. 11.

The first image sensor 642 and the second image sensor 644 areconfigured to detect light of a certain spectrum (e.g., the visiblespectrum or the infrared spectrum) and convey information constitutingan image as electrical signals (e.g., analog or digital signals). Forexample, the image sensors 642 and 644 may include charge-coupleddevices (CCD) or active pixel sensors in complementarymetal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS). The image sensors 642 and 644 maydetect light incident through respective lens (e.g., a fisheye lens). Insome implementations, the image sensors 642 and 644 include digital toanalog converters. In some implementations, the image sensors 642 and644 are held in a fixed relative orientation with respective fields ofview that overlap. For example, the image sensors 642 and 644 may beconfigured to capture image data using a plurality of selectableexposure times. Image signals from the image sensors 642 and 644 may bepassed to other components of the image capture device 640 via a bus648.

The communications link 650 may be wired communications link or awireless communications link. The communications interface 646 and thecommunications interface 666 may enable communications over thecommunications link 650. For example, the communications interface 646and the communications interface 666 may include a high-definitionmultimedia interface (HDMI), a universal serial bus (USB) interface, aFireWire interface, a Bluetooth interface, a ZigBee interface, and/or aWi-Fi interface. For example, the communications interface 646 and thecommunications interface 666 may be used to transfer image data from theimage capture device 640 to the personal computing device 660 for imagesignal processing (e.g., filtering, stitching, and/or encoding) togenerated composite images based on image data from the image sensors642 and 644.

The processing apparatus 662 may include one or more processors havingsingle or multiple processing cores. The processing apparatus 662 mayinclude memory, such as random access memory device (RAM), flash memory,or any other suitable type of storage device such as a non-transitorycomputer readable memory. The memory of the processing apparatus 662 mayinclude executable instructions and data that can be accessed by one ormore processors of the processing apparatus 662. For example, theprocessing apparatus 662 may include one or more DRAM modules such asdouble data rate synchronous dynamic random-access memory (DDR SDRAM).In some implementations, the processing apparatus 662 may include adigital signal processor (DSP). In some implementations, the processingapparatus 662 may include an application specific integrated circuit(ASIC). For example, the processing apparatus 662 may include a customimage signal processor. The processing apparatus 662 may exchange data(e.g., image data) with other components of the personal computingdevice 660 via the bus 668.

The personal computing device 660 may include the user interface 664.For example, the user interface 664 may include a touchscreen displayfor presenting images and/or messages to a user and receiving commandsfrom a user. For example, the user interface 664 may include a button orswitch enabling a person to manually turn the personal computing device660 on and off. In some implementations, commands (e.g., start recordingvideo, stop recording video, or snap photograph) received via the userinterface 664 may be passed on to the image capture device 640 via thecommunications link 650.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an example of an image processing pipeline700 for capturing images and reducing noise in the images. The imageprocessing pipeline 700 includes an image sensor 710 configured tocapture images (e.g., frames of video); a front ISP 712 configured forinitial processing of captured images; a three-dimensional noisereduction module 720, which includes a temporal noise reduction module722 and a spatial noise reduction module 724, that combinescorresponding nearby pixels in space and time (e.g., within a twodimensional image and between images in a sequence of images) to reducenoise in the pixel values; a motion compensation module 730, whichincludes a local motion compensation module 732 and a global motioncompensation module 734, that may apply transformations to recirculatedimages from the three-dimensional noise reduction module 720 to betteralign pixels in a recirculated images with corresponding pixels in acurrent image from the front ISP 712 to improve pixel hit rates fornoise reduction operations applied in the three-dimensional noisereduction module 720; and modules 790 for additional processing andoutputting images based on the noise reduced images 752 from thethree-dimensional noise reduction module 720. For example, the imageprocessing pipeline 700 may be included in the image capture device 610of FIG. 6A. For example, the image processing pipeline 700 may beincluded in the system 630 of FIG. 6B. In some implementations, theimage processing pipeline 700 may be included in an image captureapparatus, such as the image capture apparatus 110 shown in FIG. 1 orthe image capture apparatus 300 shown in FIG. 3.

The image processing pipeline 700 includes the image sensor 710. Theinput image signal 740 from the image sensor 710 is passed to the frontISP 712 for initial processing. For example, the front ISP 712 may besimilar to front image signal processor 510 of FIG. 5 and implement someor all of that component's functions. The front image signal processor712 may process the input image signal 740 to generate a current image742 in a sequence of images (e.g., a current frame from a video)captured using the image sensor 710. In some implementations, the frontISP 712 may determine one or more low resolution images based on thecurrent image 742. The low resolution image(s) (not shown) may be outputalong with the current image 742 and passed to other modules (e.g., themotion compensation module 730) that may use the low resolution copiesof the current image 742. Having a low resolution image included alongwith the current image 742 may facilitate efficient performance ofdownstream functions in the image processing pipeline 700.

The three-dimensional noise reduction module 720 is configured tocombine the current image 742 (e.g., a current frame of a capturedvideo) with a recirculated image 754 (e.g., a recirculated frame ofvideo) to obtain a noise reduced image 752 (e.g., a noise reduced frameof video), where the recirculated image 754 is based on one or moreprevious images of a sequence of images (e.g., previous frames of video)from the image sensor 710. The three-dimensional noise reduction module720 includes a temporal noise reduction module 722 that recursivelycombines the current image with the recirculated image to obtain atemporal noise reduced image 750. The temporal noise reduction module722 may combine the current image 742 with the recirculated image 754using a set of mixing weights for respective image portions (e.g.,pixels or blocks of pixels) of the recirculated image 754. For example,an image portion of the temporal noise reduced image 750 may bedetermined as the weighted sum:NR_n=w_n*R_n+(1−w_n)*C_n  [Equation 1]where NR_n is an nth image portion of the temporal noise reduced image750, w_n is a mixing weight for an nth image portion of the recirculatedimage 754, R_n is the nth image portion of the recirculated image 754,and C_n is the nth image portion of the current image 742. The mixingweights for a recirculated image 754 may be determined based on a noisemap 764 for the recirculated image 754. The noise map 764 may includeestimates of noise levels (e.g., a variance or a standard deviation) forrespective image portions (e.g., pixels of blocks of pixels) of therecirculated image 754. The mixing weights may also be determined basedon estimates of the noise levels for pixels in the current image 742.For example, the estimates of the noise levels for the current image maybe based on a noise model for elements of the image sensor 710. Forexample, the estimates of the noise levels for the current image maydepend on an exposure time used by the image sensor 710 to capture thecurrent image 742. In some implementations, a noise model varies withthe color channel (e.g., estimates of noise level for red pixels are setto a first value, estimates of noise level for green pixels are set to asecond value, and estimates of noise level for blue pixels are set to athird value).

In some implementations, the input signal may be scaled such that thenoise level for pixels in the current image is chosen to be a consistentlevel (e.g., one). For example, the mixing weights may be determinedusing a Guassian model as:w_n=a/(1+a)  [Equation 1.1]a=exp(−((R_n−C_n)/(1+SR_n)){circumflex over ( )}2)/SR_n{circumflex over( )}2  [Equation 1.2]where w_n is a mixing weight for an nth image portion of therecirculated image 754, R_n is the nth image portion of the recirculatedimage 754, C_n is the nth image portion of the current image 742, andSR_n is an estimate of noise level (e.g., a standard deviation) for thenth image portion of the recirculated image 754 (e.g., from the noisemap 764).

The temporal noise reduction module 722 may also determine a noise map760 for the temporal noise reduced image 750. In some implementations,the noise map 760 may be determined based on the estimates of noiselevel for pixels in the current image 742, the noise map 764 for therecirculated image 754, and the set of mixing weights used to determinethe temporal noise reduced image 750. For example, a portion of thenoise map 760 may be determined as:SNR_n=sqrt(w_n{circumflex over ( )}2*SR_n{circumflex over( )}2+(1−w_n){circumflex over ( )}2*SC_n{circumflex over ( )}2)  [Equation 2]where SNR_n is an estimate of noise level (e.g., a standard deviation)for an nth image portion of the temporal noise reduced image 750, w_n isa mixing weight for an nth image portion of the recirculated image 754,SR_n is an estimate of noise level (e.g., a standard deviation) for thenth image portion of the recirculated image 754 (e.g., from the noisemap 764), and SC_n is an estimate of noise level (e.g., a standarddeviation) for the nth image portion of the current image 742.

The spatial noise reduction module 724 may apply spatial noise reductionfiltering to the temporal noise reduced image 750 in order to obtain thenoise reduced image 752. The spatial noise reduction module 724 may alsodetermine a noise map 762 for the noise reduced image 752 based on thenoise map 760 and a filter applied to the temporal noise reduced image750 by the spatial noise reduction module 724.

The noise reduced image 752 may be recirculated through the motioncompensation module 730, which may apply a motion compensationtransformation to the noise reduced image 752 to obtain a nextrecirculated image 754. A motion compensation transformation may beapplied to better align pixels of the next recirculated image 754 withcorresponding pixels of a next current image 742 to be input to thethree-dimensional noise reduction module 720. The local motioncompensation module 732 may apply a local motion compensationtransformation to obtain a first candidate recirculated image. Theglobal motion compensation module 734 may apply a global motioncompensation transformation to obtain a second candidate recirculatedimage. In some implementations, quality metrics for the candidaterecirculated images may be determined and compared to select a candidaterecirculated image as the next recirculated image 754. A motioncompensation transformation (e.g., the local motion compensationtransformation, the global motion compensation transformation, or anidentity transformation) used to generate the next recirculated image754 may be used to determine the next noise map 764 for the nextrecirculated image 754 based on the noise map 762 for the noise reducedimage 752. For example, the motion compensation transformation may beapplied to the noise map 762 to obtain the noise map 764.

The noise reduced image 752 is also passed to the modules 790 that mayimplement addition image processing and output an image based on thenoise reduced image 752. For example, the modules 790 may implement ademosaicing operation to map from a raw format to a YUV domain format(e.g., as described in relation to the raw to YUV unit 550); a tonemapping operation (e.g., as described in relation to the YUV to YUV unit560), which may include a local tone mapping and/or a global tonemapping; a warp transformation (e.g., as described in relation to thewarp and blend unit 570), which may correct distortions such as lensdistortion and electronic rolling shutter distortion and/or stitchimages from the image sensor 710 with images from one or more otherimage sensors of an image capture apparatus (e.g., the image captureapparatus 110 or the image capture apparatus 300); and/or an encodingoperation to compress and encode an image (e.g., a frame of a video)based on the noise reduced image 752.

In some implementations (not shown), the three-dimensional noisereduction module 720 may apply spatial noise reduction to current images742 from the image sensor 710 before applying recursive temporal noisereduction based on recirculated images 754 to obtain the noise reducedimages 752, i.e., the order of spatial and temporal noise reductionprocessing may be reversed. In this case, noise estimates for pixels ofthe current images may be updated based on a filter applied for spatialnoise reduction to determine a noise map for a resulting spatial noisereduced image. The noise map 762 for the noise reduced image 752 maythen be determined based on the noise map for the resulting spatialnoise reduced image, the noise map 764, and a set of mixing weights usedto combine a recirculated image 754 with the spatial noise reducedimage.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an example of an image processing pipeline800 for capturing images with high dynamic range and reducing noise inthe high dynamic range images. The image processing pipeline 800includes an image sensor 810 configured to capture images (e.g., framesof video); a front ISP 812 configured for initial processing of capturedimages; a high dynamic range module 814 that combines images capturedwith different exposure times by the image sensor 810 to obtain an imagewith a higher dynamic range than the constituent images; athree-dimensional noise reduction module 820, which includes a temporalnoise reduction module 822 and a spatial noise reduction module 824,that combines corresponding nearby pixels in space and time (e.g.,within a two dimensional image and between images in a sequence ofimages) to reduce noise in the pixel values; a motion compensationmodule 830, which includes a local motion compensation module 832 and aglobal motion compensation module 834, that may apply transformations torecirculated images from the three-dimensional noise reduction module820 to better align pixels in a recirculated images with correspondingpixels in a current image from the front ISP 812 to improve pixel hitrates for noise reduction operations applied in the three-dimensionalnoise reduction module 820; and modules 890 for additional processingand outputting images based on the noise reduced images 852 from thethree-dimensional noise reduction module 820. For example, the imageprocessing pipeline 800 may be included in the image capture device 610of FIG. 6A. For example, the image processing pipeline 800 may beincluded in the system 630 of FIG. 6B. In some implementations, theimage processing pipeline 800 may be included in an image captureapparatus, such as the image capture apparatus 110 shown in FIG. 1 orthe image capture apparatus 300 shown in FIG. 3.

The image processing pipeline 800 includes the image sensor 810. Theinput image signal 840 from the image sensor 810 is passed to the frontISP 812 for initial processing. For example, the front ISP 812 may besimilar to front ISP 510 of FIG. 5 and implement some or all of thatcomponent's functions. The front ISP 812 may process the input imagesignal 840 to generate partially processed images 842 in a sequence ofimages (e.g., a frames from a video) captured using the image sensor 810using multiple (e.g., two) different exposure times. For example, theimage sensor 810 may be configured to capture image data using aplurality of selectable exposure times. For example the images in asequence of images captured by the image sensor 810 may alternatebetween using a short exposure time and a long exposure time.

Partially processed images 842 captured with different exposure timesmay be combined in the high dynamic range module 814 to obtain a highdynamic range images 844. For example, image portions (e.g., pixels orblocks of pixels) of a high dynamic range image 844 may be determinedbased on a corresponding image portion of a constituent partiallyprocessed image 842 with the longest available exposure time that doesnot have a pixel value that is saturated. The high dynamic range images844 may include image portions captured with multiple different exposuretimes. Since noise levels for pixels can depend on exposure time, thehigh dynamic range images 844 may have different estimates of noiselevels in different image portions that vary dynamically betweensuccessive high dynamic range images 844 based on the brightnesspatterns in a captured scene. The high dynamic range module 814 may alsodetermine a noise map 866 for a high dynamic range image 844, where thenoise map 866 is determined based on the particular combination of imagecomponents from the constituent partially processed images 842 used todetermine the high dynamic range image 844 and estimates of noise level(e.g., depending on the different exposure times and/or color channels)for pixels of those constituent partially processed images 842. Forexample, operations of the technique 1100 of FIG. 11 may be implementedby the high dynamic range module 814 to determine 1120 the high dynamicrange image 844 and to determine 1124 a corresponding noise map 866.

The three-dimensional noise reduction module 820 is configured tocombine the high dynamic range image 844 (e.g., a current frame of acaptured video) with a recirculated image 854 (e.g., a recirculatedframe of video) to obtain a noise reduced image 852 (e.g., a noisereduced frame of video), where the recirculated image 854 is based onone or more previous images of a sequence of images (e.g., previousframes of video) from the image sensor 810. The three-dimensional noisereduction module 820 includes a temporal noise reduction module 822 thatrecursively combines the high dynamic range image 844 with therecirculated image to obtain a temporal noise reduced image 850. Thetemporal noise reduction module 822 may combine the high dynamic rangeimage 844 with the recirculated image 854 using a set of mixing weightsfor respective image portions (e.g., pixels or blocks of pixels) of therecirculated image 854. For example, an image portion of the temporalnoise reduced image 850 may be determined as the weighted sum:NR_n=w_n*R_n+(1−w_n)*HDR_n  [Equation 3]where NR_n is an nth image portion of the temporal noise reduced image850, w_n is a mixing weight for an nth image portion of the recirculatedimage 854, R_n is the nth image portion of the recirculated image 854,and HDR_n is the nth image portion of the high dynamic range image 844.The mixing weights for a recirculated image 854 may be determined basedon a noise map 864 for the recirculated image 854. The noise map 864 mayinclude estimates of noise levels (e.g., a variance or a standarddeviation) for respective image portions (e.g., pixels of blocks ofpixels) of the recirculated image 854. The mixing weights may also bedetermined based on the noise map 866 for the high dynamic range image844.

The temporal noise reduction module 822 may also determine a noise map860 for the temporal noise reduced image 850. In some implementations,the noise map 860 may be determined based on the noise map 866 for thehigh dynamic range image 844, the noise map 864 for the recirculatedimage 854, and the set of mixing weights used to determine the temporalnoise reduced image 850. For example, a portion of the noise map 860 maybe determined as:SNR_n=sqrt(w_n{circumflex over ( )}2*SR_n{circumflex over( )}2+(1−w_n){circumflex over ( )}2*SHDR_n{circumflex over( )}2)  [Equation 4]where SNR_n is an estimate of noise level (e.g., a standard deviation)for an nth image portion of the temporal noise reduced image 850, w_n isa mixing weight for an nth image portion of the recirculated image 854,SR_n is an estimate of noise level (e.g., a standard deviation) for thenth image portion of the recirculated image 854 (e.g., from the noisemap 864), and SHDR_n is an estimate of noise level (e.g., a standarddeviation) for the nth image portion of the high dynamic range image844.

The spatial noise reduction module 824 may apply spatial noise reductionfiltering to the temporal noise reduced image 850 in order to obtain thenoise reduced image 852. The noise reduced image 852 may be determinedbased on the noise map 860. For example, filter coefficients or mixingweights for combining image pixels of the noise reduced image 850 toobtain pixels of the noise reduced image 852 may be determined based onthe noise map 860. The spatial noise reduction module 824 may alsodetermine a noise map 862 for the noise reduced image 852 based on thenoise map 860 and a filter applied to the temporal noise reduced image850 by the spatial noise reduction module 824.

The noise reduced image 852 may be recirculated through the motioncompensation module 830, which may apply a motion compensationtransformation to the noise reduced image 852 to obtain a nextrecirculated image 854. A motion compensation transformation may beapplied to better align pixels of a recirculated image 854 withcorresponding pixels of a next high dynamic range image 844 to be inputto the three-dimensional noise reduction module 820. The local motioncompensation module 832 may apply a local motion compensationtransformation to obtain a first candidate recirculated image. Theglobal motion compensation module 834 may apply a global motioncompensation transformation to obtain a second candidate recirculatedimage. In some implementations, quality metrics for the candidaterecirculated images may be determined and compared to select a candidaterecirculated image as the next recirculated image 854. A motioncompensation transformation (e.g., the local motion compensationtransformation, the global motion compensation transformation, or anidentity transformation) used to generate the next recirculated image854 may be used to determine the next noise map 864 for the nextrecirculated image 854 based on the noise map 862 for the noise reducedimage 852. For example, the motion compensation transformation may beapplied to the noise map 862 to obtain the noise map 864.

The noise reduced image 852 is also passed to the modules 890 that mayimplement addition image processing and output an image based on thenoise reduced image 852. For example, the modules 890 may implement ademosaicing operation to map from a raw format to a YUV domain format(e.g., as described in relation to the raw to YUV unit 550); a tonemapping operation (e.g., as described in relation to the YUV to YUV unit560), which may include a local tone mapping and/or a global tonemapping; a warp transformation (e.g., as described in relation to thewarp and blend unit 570), which may correct distortions such as lensdistortion and electronic rolling shutter distortion and/or stitchimages from the image sensor 810 with images from one or more otherimage sensors of an image capture apparatus (e.g., the image captureapparatus 110 or the image capture apparatus 300); and/or an encodingoperation to compress and encode an image (e.g., a frame of a video)based on the noise reduced image 852.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart of an example of a technique 900 for applyingthree-dimensional noise reduction to captured images. The technique 900includes receiving 902 a current image from an image sensor; determining910 mixing weights for recursively combining the current image with arecirculated image; combining 920 the current image with therecirculated image to obtain a noise reduced image; applying 924 spatialnoise reduction processing to the noise reduced image; determining 930 anoise map for the noise reduced image; recirculating 940 the noise mapwith the noise reduced image; and storing, displaying, or transmittingan output image based on the noise reduced image. For example, thetechnique 900 may be implemented by the system 600 of FIG. 6A or thesystem 630 of FIG. 6B. For example, the technique 900 may be implementedby an image capture device, such the image capture device 610 shown inFIG. 6A, or an image capture apparatus, such as the image captureapparatus 110 shown in FIG. 1 or the image capture apparatus 300 of FIG.3. For example, the technique 900 may be implemented by a personalcomputing device, such as the personal computing device 660. Forexample, the technique 900 may be implemented using a processingapparatus (e.g., the processing apparatus 612) that includes an imagesignal processor (e.g., the image signal processor 500).

The technique 900 includes receiving 902 a current image of a sequenceof images (e.g., a current frame of video) from an image sensor. Theimage sensor may be part of an image capture apparatus (e.g., the imagecapture apparatus 110, the image capture apparatus 300, the imagecapture device 610, or the image capture device 640). For example, thecurrent image may be received 902 from the image sensor via a bus (e.g.,the bus 624 or image signal processor bus 590). In some implementations,the current image may be received 902 via a communications link (e.g.,the communications link 650). For example, the current image may bereceived 902 via a wireless or wired communications interface (e.g.,Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, USB, HDMI, Wireless USB, Near Field Communication(NFC), Ethernet, a radio frequency transceiver, and/or otherinterfaces). For example, the current image may be received 902 viacommunications interface 666. For example, the current image may bereceived 902 via a front ISP (e.g., the front ISP 712 or the front ISP812) that performs some initial processing on the received image. Forexample, the current image may represent each pixel value in a definedformat, such as in a RAW image signal format. For example, the currentimage be stored in a format using the Bayer color mosaic pattern. Insome implementations, the current image may be a current frame of video.

In some implementations, the current image may be a high dynamic rangeimage that is received 902 as multiple constituent images and that isdetermined based on the multiple constituent images, which have beencaptured by the image sensor with different exposure times. For example,the current image may be determined by combining two images captured bythe image sensor using different exposure times, such that the currentimage has a larger dynamic range than the two images. An input noise mapfor the current image may be determined based on noise level estimatesfor both of the two images. The input noise map may specify noise levelestimates for respective image portions of the current image. Forexample, the current image and the input noise map may be determinedusing operations similar to those described in relation to the technique1100 of FIG. 11. For example, the input noise map may be used by atemporal noise reduction module (e.g., the temporal noise reductionmodule 822) to determine (e.g., by reading from appropriate portions ofthe input noise map) the estimates of noise levels for pixels in thecurrent image that are used to determine 930 a noise map for a noisereduced image determined (at operation 920) based on the current image.

The technique 900 includes determining 910 a set of mixing weights forcombining the current image with a recirculated image that is based onone or more previous images in the sequence of images from the imagesensor. The mixing weights for respective image components (e.g., pixelsor blocks of pixels) of the recirculated image may be determined 910based on estimates of noise levels for those image components andestimates of noise levels for corresponding image components of thecurrent image. For example, estimates of noise levels (e.g., standarddeviations or variances) for the recirculated image may be stored in anoise map for the recirculated image. For example, the noise map may bestored at the full resolution of the recirculated image (e.g., oneestimate of noise level per pixel) or it may be stored at reducedresolution (e.g., one estimate of noise level per block of pixels). Forexample, the set of mixing weights may be determined 910 based on thenoise map. For example, the mixing weight for a respective image portionmay be determined 910 based on a ratio of an estimate of noise level(e.g., from a noise map) for the image portion of the recirculated imageto an estimate of noise level (e.g., from a noise map) for acorresponding image portion of the current image. For example, themixing weight for a respective image portion may be determined 910 asinversely proportional to an estimate of noise level (e.g., from a noisemap) for the image portion of the recirculated image. For example, amixing weight for an image component of the recirculated image may bedetermined 910 using the technique 1000 of FIG. 10. In someimplementations, the mixing weight for a respective image portion may bedetermined 910 using Equation 1.1 and Equation 1.2 above.

The technique 900 includes combining 920 the current image (e.g. acurrent frame of video) with a recirculated image (e.g. a recirculatedframe of video) to obtain a noise reduced image (e.g. a noise reducedframe of video). The recirculated image may be based on one or moreprevious images of the sequence of images from the image sensor. Thecurrent image may be combined 920 with the recirculated image using theset of mixing weights for respective image portions of the recirculatedimage. For example, current image may be combined 920 with recirculatedimage using the Equation 1 or the Equation 3 above.

The technique 900 includes applying 924 spatial noise reductionprocessing to the noise reduced frame after combining the current framewith the recirculated frame. Applying 924 spatial noise reductionprocessing may include applying a filter function to the current image.For example, applying 924 spatial noise reduction processing may includeaveraging nearby (e.g., for pixels within an 8 pixel radius or an 8×8block of pixels) pixel values to determine a new value for a pixel atthe center or the averaged area. In some implementations, pixels withpixel values that differ from the pixel value for the pixel beingadjusted by more than a threshold amount are ignored and not included inthe average used to the determine the new value of the pixel. In someimplementations, estimates of noise level from a noise map for the noisereduced frame (e.g., the noise map 860) are used to determine a level ofsimilarity between nearby pixel values. For example, the respectivethresholds for determining whether pixels are similar and will becombined during spatial noise reduction processing may be determinedbased on respective noise level estimates corresponding to the pixels. Avariety of spatial filter functions or kernels (e.g., a guassian kernel)may be used for spatial noise reduction processing. Averaging of similarnearby pixel values may reduce the noise levels for the pixels. In someimplementations, the operations of combining 920 the current image withrecirculated image and applying 924 spatial noise reduction processingcan be performed together as a single operation.

The technique 900 includes determining 930 a noise map for the noisereduced image (e.g., a noise reduced frame of video), where the noisemap is determined based on estimates of noise levels for pixels in thecurrent image (e.g., a current frame of video), a noise map for therecirculated image (e.g., a recirculate frame of video), and the set ofmixing weights. For example estimates of noise level (e.g., standarddeviations or variance) in the noise map may be determined 930 based ona sum of squares of the mixing weights that have been used to determinea respective image portion of the noise reduced image. For example,estimates of noise level in the noise map may be determined 930 usingthe Equation 2 or the Equation 4 above.

In some implementations, the noise map is stored at a resolution that islower than a full resolution of the current image (e.g., a current frameof video) from the image sensor. For example, the noise map may storeestimates of noise level for 2×2, 4×4, 8×8, 16×16, or 32×32 blocks ofpixels. For example, the estimate of noise level for a block of pixelsmay be an average of estimates of the noise level for pixels within theblock. In some implementations, the current image (e.g., a current frameof video) from the image sensor is stored in a raw Bayer mosaic format,and the noise map is stored as an array of noise level estimatesrespectively corresponding to two-by-two Bayer blocks of pixels in thecurrent image from the image sensor.

Determining 930 the noise map may include adjusting the noise map basedon a filter function used for spatial noise reduction processing. Forexample, noise map values may be adjusted based on a squares ofcoefficients of the filter function.

The technique 900 includes recirculating 940 the noise map with thenoise reduced image (e.g., a noise reduced frame of video) to combinethe noise reduced image with a next image of the sequence of images(e.g., a next frame of video) from the image sensor. In someimplementations, recirculated frames are passed directly back unchangedto be combined 920 with the next image by a temporal noise reductionmodule. In some implementations, recirculating 940 a noise reduced imagemay include applying motion compensation to the noise reduced image tobetter align pixels of the recirculated image with corresponding pixelsof the next image. For example, a motion compensation transformation(e.g., a local motion compensation transformation or a global motioncompensation transformation) that is used to determine the recirculatedimage may also be used to update the noise map for the recirculatedimage. For example, the technique 1300 of FIG. 13A may be implemented torecirculate the noise reduced image.

The technique 900 includes storing, displaying, or transmitting 950 anoutput image (e.g., and output frame of video) that is based on thenoise reduced image (e.g., a noise reduced frame of video). For example,the output image may be transmitted 950 to an external device (e.g., apersonal computing device) for display or storage. For example, theoutput image may be the same as the noise reduced image. For example,the output image may be a composite image determined by stitching animage based on the noise reduced image to one or more images from otherimage sensors with overlapping fields of view. For example, the outputimage may be compressed using an encoder (e.g., an MPEG encoder). Forexample, the output image may be transmitted 950 via the communicationsinterface 618. For example, the output image may be displayed in theuser interface 620 or in the user interface 664. For example, the outputimage may be stored in memory of the processing apparatus 612 or inmemory of the processing apparatus 662.

The technique 900 may be applied recursively to the sequence of images(e.g., a sequence of frames of video) from the image sensor. Forexample, a next set of mixing weights may be determined 910 based on thenoise map for the noise reduced image based on the current image. Thenoise reduced image (e.g., a noise reduced frame of video) may then becombined 920 with the next image (e.g., a next frame of video) using thenext set of mixing weights.

In some implementations (not shown) the technique 900 may be modified toreverse the order in which spatial noise reduction processing andtemporal noise reduction processing are applied to the current image.These implementations include applying spatial noise reductionprocessing to the current frame before combining the current frame withthe recirculated frame. In these implementations, the estimates of noiselevels for pixels in the current frame include a noise map for thecurrent frame that is generated based on initial estimates of noiselevels for pixels in the current frame and a filter function used forspatial noise reduction processing. The noise map determined 930 for thenoise reduced image may then be determined based on the noise map forthe current image after spatial noise reduction processing, the noisemap for the recirculated image, and the set of mix weights used fortemporal noise reduction processing.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart of an example of a technique 1000 for determiningmixing weights for temporal noise reduction. The technique 1000 includesdetermining 1010 a threshold based on a noise map value for an imageportion (e.g., a pixel or bloc of pixels) of a recirculated image;determining 1012 a disparity between the image portion of therecirculated image and a corresponding image portion of a current image;comparing 1020 the disparity to the threshold; and, if (at 1023) thedisparity is larger than the threshold, determining 1030 a mixing weightfor the image portion to be zero, or, if (at 1023 & 1027) the disparityis below the threshold and outside of a range near the threshold,determining 1040 the mixing weight based on the noise map, or, if (at1023 & 1027) the disparity is within the range near the threshold,determining 1050 an initial mixing weight based on the noise map,determining 1060 a scale factor based on the disparity, and determining1070 the mixing weight based on the initial mixing weight and the scalefactor. For example, the technique 1000 may be implemented by the system600 of FIG. 6A or the system 630 of FIG. 6B. For example, the technique1000 may be implemented by an image capture device, such the imagecapture device 610 shown in FIG. 6A, or an image capture apparatus, suchas the image capture apparatus 110 shown in FIG. 1 or the image captureapparatus 300 of FIG. 3. For example, the technique 1000 may beimplemented by a personal computing device, such as the personalcomputing device 660.

The technique 1000 includes determining 1010 a threshold for an imageportion of the noise reduced image (e.g., a noise reduced frame) basedon an estimate of noise level for the image portion of the noise reducedimage from a noise map for the noise reduced image. For example, thethreshold may be determined 1010 based on a sum of the estimate of noiselevel for the image portion of the noise reduced image and an estimateof noise level (e.g., a standard deviation or variance) for acorresponding image portion of the current image. For example, thethreshold may be determined 1010 based on a maximum of the estimate ofnoise level for the image portion of the noise reduced image and anestimate of noise level (e.g., a standard deviation or variance) for acorresponding image portion of the current image.

The technique 1000 includes determining 1012 a disparity (e.g., adifference) between the image portion of the noise reduced image (e.g.,a noise reduced frame of video) and a corresponding image portion of thecurrent image (e.g., a current frame of video). For example, where theimage portion is a pixel, the disparity may be determined 1012 as anabsolute value of a difference between the value of the pixel in therecirculated image and the value of the corresponding pixel in thecurrent image. For example, where the image portion is a block ofpixels, the disparity may be determined 1012 as a maximum of theabsolute values of differences between respective values of the pixelsin the block of the recirculated image and the respective values of thecorresponding pixels in the current image. For example, where the imageportion is a block of pixels, the disparity may be determined 1012 as asum of the absolute values of differences between respective values ofthe pixels in the block of the recirculated image and the respectivevalues of the corresponding pixels in the current image.

The technique 1000 includes comparing 1020 the disparity to thethreshold. If (at 1023) the disparity is greater than the threshold,then the mixing weight for the image portion of the recirculated imagemay be determined 1030 to be zero. For example, responsive to thedisparity exceeding the threshold, a weight from the set of mixingweights corresponding to the image portion of the noise reduced imagemay be determined 1030 to be zero. Thus, in effect, this image portionof the recirculated image will be ignored or discarded when combiningthe recirculated image with the current image to obtain the noisereduced image. For example, the disparity exceeding a threshold based onthe estimates of noise for the image portions may indicate that thescene has changed in a way that this image portion does not correspondto the same object in the two frames being combined. Combing the imageportions when the viewed objects do not match can introduce errors anddistortion. Selectively zeroing the mixing weight in this circumstancemay improve image quality of the resulting noise reduced image.

If (at 1023 & 1027) the disparity is less than the threshold and outsideof a range near the threshold (e.g., within 5% or 10% of the threshold),then the mixing weight for the image portion of the recirculated imagemay be determined 1040 based on the noise map for recirculated image.For example, the mixing weight for the image portion may be determined1040 based on a ratio of an estimate of noise level from the noise mapfor the image portion of the recirculated image to an estimate of noiselevel (e.g., from a noise map) for a corresponding image portion of thecurrent image. For example, the mixing weight for the image portion maybe determined 1040 as inversely proportional to an estimate of noiselevel from the noise map for the image portion of the recirculatedimage.

If (at 1023 & 1027) the disparity is less than the threshold and withinof a range near the threshold (e.g., within 5% or 10% of the threshold),then an initial weight may be determined 1050 based on the estimate ofnoise level (e.g., from the noise map) for the image portion of therecirculated image (e.g., a noise reduced frame of video) and anestimate of noise level for the corresponding image portion of thecurrent image (e.g., a current frame of video). For example, the initialweight may be determined in the same manner as a weight is determined1040 when the disparity is outside of the range. A scale factor isdetermined 1060 based on a difference between the disparity and thethreshold. For example, one end of the range near the threshold may bethe threshold, and the scale factor may be determined 1060 to varylinearly (e.g., taking values between zero and one) between endpoints ofthe range. The mixing weight for the image portion of the recirculatedimage may then be determined 1070 based on the initial weight and thescale factor. For example, responsive to the disparity being in a rangenear the threshold (e.g., within 5% or 10% of the threshold), a weightfrom the set of mixing weights corresponding to the image portion of therecirculated image (e.g., a noise reduced frame for video) may bedetermined 1070 to be the initial weight multiplied by a scale factorbetween zero and one.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart of an example of a technique 1100 for applyingtemporal noise reduction to high dynamic range images. The technique1100 includes receiving 1110 images captured using different exposuretimes; applying 1112 motion compensation to better align correspondingpixels of the images; determining 1120 a high dynamic range image basedon the images captured with different exposure times; determining 1130 anoise map for the high dynamic range image; applying 1140 temporal noisereduction processing to the high dynamic range image based on the noisemap; and store, display, or transmit an output image that is based onthe high dynamic range image. For example, the technique 1100 may beimplemented by the system 600 of FIG. 6A or the system 630 of FIG. 6B.For example, the technique 1100 may be implemented by an image capturedevice, such the image capture device 610 shown in FIG. 6A, or an imagecapture apparatus, such as the image capture apparatus 110 shown in FIG.1 or the image capture apparatus 300 of FIG. 3. For example, thetechnique 1100 may be implemented by a personal computing device, suchas the personal computing device 660. For example, the technique 1100may be implemented using a processing apparatus (e.g., the processingapparatus 612) that includes an image signal processor (e.g., the imagesignal processor 500) that is configured to perform image processingoperations on the high dynamic range image.

The technique 1100 includes receiving 1110 a two or more images (e.g.,frames of video) captured using different exposure times. For example, afirst image and a second image may be received 1110 from an imagesensor, where the first image is captured with a first exposure time andthe second image is captured with a second exposure time that is lessthan the first exposure time. The image sensor may be part of an imagecapture apparatus (e.g., the image capture apparatus 110, the imagecapture apparatus 300, the image capture device 610, or the imagecapture device 640). For example, the two or more images may be received1110 from the image sensor via a bus (e.g., the bus 624 or image signalprocessor bus 590). In some implementations, the two or more images maybe received 1110 via a communications link (e.g., the communicationslink 650). For example, the two or more images may be received 1110 viaa wireless or wired communications interface (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,USB, HDMI, Wireless USB, Near Field Communication (NFC), Ethernet, aradio frequency transceiver, and/or other interfaces). For example, thetwo or more images may be received 1110 via communications interface666. For example, the two or more images may be received 1110 via afront ISP (e.g., the front ISP 812) that performs some initialprocessing on the received images. For example, the two or more imagesmay represent each pixel value in a defined format, such as in a RAWimage signal format. For example, the two or more images be stored in aformat using the Bayer color mosaic pattern. In some implementations,the two or more images may be frames of video.

The technique 1100 includes applying 1112 motion compensation to betteralign corresponding pixels of the images. For example, one of the two ormore images may be used as a target image and motion compensationprocessing may be applied 1112 to the other images to better alignpixels of the other images with corresponding pixels of the targetimage. In some implementations, one of the images captured with thelongest exposure time may be used as the target image. In someimplementations, one of the images captured with the shortest exposuretime may be used as the target image. For example, the technique 1350 ofFIG. 13B may be implemented to apply 1112 motion compensation to one ofthe two or more images. For example, the techniques described inrelation to FIGS. 14-20 may be implemented to apply 1112 motioncompensation to one of the two or more images. For example, the motioncompensation module 730 of FIG. 7 may be used to apply 1112 motioncompensation to better align corresponding pixels of the images. Forexample, the motion compensation module 830 of FIG. 8 may be used toapply 1112 motion compensation to better align corresponding pixels ofthe images.

The technique 1100 includes determining 1120 a high dynamic range imagebased on the two or more images captured with different exposure times.For example, image portions (e.g., pixels or blocks of pixels) of thehigh dynamic range image may be determined 1120 by selecting respectiveimage portions from among the two or more images with the longestexposure time that do not exhibit pixel value saturation. For example, ahigh dynamic range image may be determined 1120 based on the first image(e.g., with a long exposure time) in a raw format and the second image(e.g., with a short exposure time) in a raw format, in which an imageportion of the high dynamic range image is based on a correspondingimage portion of the second image when a pixel of a corresponding imageportion of the first image is saturated. For example, determining 1120the high dynamic range image may include determining a blending ratiomap that specifies how image portions of the two or more images will becombined to determine 1120 the high dynamic range image. In someimplementations, a blending ratio map may be binary (e.g., specifyingfor an image portion that either the short exposure image portion willbe used or a long exposure image portion will be used). In someimplementations, spatial low-pass filtering may be applied to an initialblending ratio map to obtain a smoothed blending ration map. Forexample, the technique 1200 of FIG. 12A may be implemented to determine1120 the high dynamic range image. In some implementations, imageportions from more than one of the two or more images are blendedtogether to determine 1120 a respective image portion of the highdynamic range image when a pixel value of the image portion is in arange near a saturation level. For example, the technique 1250 of FIG.12B may be implemented to determine blending ratios for respective imageportions of the high dynamic range image, and the blending ratios may beused to determine 1120 the high dynamic range image based on the two ormore images captured with different exposure times.

The technique 1100 includes determining 1130 a noise map for the highdynamic range image. Because noise levels can vary with exposure time,the two or more images may be associated with different estimates ofnoise level for corresponding image portions (e.g., pixels or blocks ofpixels). The noise map may include estimates of noise level forrespective image portions of the high dynamic range image. The value ofthe noise map for a particular image portion may depend on which of thetwo or more images were selected as source for that image portion. Forexample, a noise map for the high dynamic range image may be determined1130 based on noise level estimates for pixels of the first image (e.g.,a long exposure image), noise level estimates for pixels of the secondimage (e.g., a short exposure image), and a blending ratio map thatspecifies how image components of the first image and the second imageare combined to form the high dynamic range image. In someimplementations, the blending ratio map may be binary, specifyingwhether an image portion from a long exposure image or an image portionfrom a short exposure image is used to determine 1120 the respectiveimage portion of the high dynamic range image, and determining 1130 thenoise map may include selecting amongst estimates of noise level for thelong exposure image and the short exposure image for image portionsbased on the respective values of the blending ratio map. In someimplementations, the blending ratio map may take on non-integer values,specifying blending image portions from a long exposure image and ashort exposure image to determine 1120 a respective image component ofthe high dynamic range image, and determining 1130 the noise map mayinclude calculating an estimate of noise level for an image portionbased on the respective blending ratio and the corresponding estimatesof noise level for the long exposure image and the short exposure image.For example, an estimate of noise level in the noise map for an imageportion of the high dynamic range image may be determined as:SHDR_n=sqrt(b_n{circumflex over ( )}2*SS_n{circumflex over( )}2+(1−b_n){circumflex over ( )}2*SL_n{circumflex over( )}2)  [Equation 5]where SHDR_n is an estimate of noise level (e.g., a standard deviation)for an nth image portion of the high dynamic range image, b_n is ablending ratio for an nth image portion of the high dynamic range image,SS_n is an estimate of noise level (e.g., a standard deviation) for thenth image portion of a short exposure image, and SL_n is an estimate ofnoise level (e.g., a standard deviation) for the nth image portion of along exposure image.

The technique 1100 includes applying 1140 temporal noise reductionprocessing to the high dynamic range image based on the noise map. Forexample, the technique 900 of FIG. 9 may be implemented to apply 1140temporal noise reduction processing to the high dynamic range imageusing the noise map as an input noise map for the high dynamic rangeimage.

The technique 1100 includes storing, displaying, or transmitting 1150 anoutput image (e.g., an output frame of video) that is based on the highdynamic range image (e.g., a high dynamic range frame of video). Forexample, the output image may be transmitted 1150 to an external device(e.g., a personal computing device) for display or storage. For example,the output image may be the same as the high dynamic range image. Forexample, the output image may be a composite image determined bystitching an image based on the high dynamic range image to one or moreimages from other image sensors with overlapping fields of view. Forexample, the output image may be compressed using an encoder (e.g., anMPEG encoder). For example, the output image may be transmitted 1150 viathe communications interface 618. For example, the output image may bedisplayed in the user interface 620 or in the user interface 664. Forexample, the output image may be stored in memory of the processingapparatus 612 or in memory of the processing apparatus 662.

FIG. 12A is a flowchart of an example of a technique 1200 fordetermining a high dynamic range image based on images captured withdifferent exposure times. The technique 1200 includes determining 1210initial blending ratios for respective image portions of the highdynamic range image to obtain an initial blending ratio map; applying1220 a low-pass spatial filter to the initial blending ratio map toobtain a blending ratio map; and combining 1230 the first image and thesecond image using the blending ratio map to obtain the high dynamicrange image. For example, the technique 1200 may be implemented by thesystem 600 of FIG. 6A or the system 630 of FIG. 6B. For example, thetechnique 1200 may be implemented by an image capture device, such theimage capture device 610 shown in FIG. 6A, or an image captureapparatus, such as the image capture apparatus 110 shown in FIG. 1 orthe image capture apparatus 300 of FIG. 3. For example, the technique1200 may be implemented by a personal computing device, such as thepersonal computing device 660. For example, the technique 1200 may beimplemented using a processing apparatus (e.g., the processing apparatus612) that includes an image signal processor (e.g., the image signalprocessor 500) that is configured to perform image processing operationson the high dynamic range image.

The technique 1200 includes determining 1210 initial blending ratios forrespective image portions of the high dynamic range image (e.g., acurrent image to be input to a temporal noise reduction module) toobtain an initial blending ratio map. In some implementations, theinitial blending ratios are binary, specifying from which of twoconstituent images from the two or more images (e.g., a long exposureimage and a short exposure image) the respective image portion (e.g.,pixel or block of pixels) will be drawn. For example, blending ratiosfor image portions may be set to one (specifying that the short exposureimage will be used for a respective image portion) if the correspondingimage portion of a long exposure image has a saturated value and set tozero (specifying that the long exposure image will be used for arespective image portion) otherwise. In some implementations, the two ormore images include N images with N>2, where each of the N images iscaptured with a different exposure time. For example, the initialblending ratios may be dimension N vectors of binary variables having asingle one (indicating one of the N images for the respective imageportion) and the rest of the variables set to zero (indicating the otherN−1 images are unused for the respective image portion). For an imageportion, one of the N corresponding image portions with the longestexposure time that does not include a pixel with a saturated pixel valuemay be selected and have its respective element in the initial blendingratio vector set to one. Equivalently, the initial blending ratios maybe dimension N−1 vectors of binary variables, and an Nth binary valuefor the blend of the Nth image (e.g., the image captured with thelongest exposure time) may be implicitly specified as the compliment ofthe N−1 variables in the vector blending ratio.

In some implementations, the initial blending ratios may be allowed totake on values between zero and one and specify blending of two or moreimage portions from different images captured with different exposuretimes to obtain a respective image portion of the high dynamic rangeimage. For example, the technique 1250 of FIG. 12B may be implemented todetermine 1210 an initial blending ratio for a respective image portion(e.g., a pixel or block of pixels) of the high dynamic range image. Forexample, where N images captured with N different exposure times areused to obtain the high dynamic range image, the initial blending ratiosmay be vectors of dimension N or, equivalently, the initial blendingratios may be vectors of dimension N−1 and an Nth value for the blend ofthe Nth image (e.g., the image captured with the longest exposure time)may be implicitly specified as the compliment of the N−1 variables inthe vector blending ratio.

The technique 1200 includes applying 1220 a low-pass spatial filter tothe initial blending ratio map to obtain a blending ratio map. Forexample, the low-pass spatial filter may be specified to calculate anaverage blending ratios over a block (e.g., a 9×9 block) from theinitial blending ratio map. For example, the low-pass filter may bespecified based on a radial basis function (e.g., a guassian function,an inverse quadratic function, or a polyharmonic spline function). Insome implementations, an initial blending ratio map that includesblending ratios that are binary or vectors of binary variables may bemapped to integer values (e.g., zero or one) when the low-pass spatialfilter is applied 1220 and the blending ratios of the obtained blendingration map may be allowed to take values between zero and one to specifyblending of more than one image portion from different images capturedwith different exposure times to determine a respective image portion ofthe high dynamic range image.

The technique 1200 includes combining 1230 constituent images capturedwith different exposure times using the blending ratio map to obtain thehigh dynamic range image (e.g., a current image to be input to atemporal noise reduction module). For example, the technique 1200 mayinclude combining 1230 the first image (e.g., a long exposure image) andthe second image (e.g., a short exposure image) using the blending ratiomap to obtain the high dynamic range image. For example, the first imageand the second image may be combined 1230 using the blending ratio mapaccording to:HDR_n=b_n*S_n+(1−b_n)*L_n  [Equation 6]where HDR_n is an nth image portion of the high dynamic range image, b_nis a blending ratio for an nth image portion of a short exposure imagecaptured with a short exposure time, S_n is the nth image portion of theshort exposure image, and L_n is the nth image portion of a longexposure image captured with a long exposure time. For example,combining 1230 constituent images may include scaling (e.g., multiplyingby a scale factor proportional to a respective exposure time for aconstituent image) pixel values captured with different exposure timesto occupy a common wider dynamic range for the high dynamic range image.

In some implementations, an input noise map may be determined 1130 basedon the blending ratio map. For example, the input noise map may bedetermined 1130 using the Equation 5 above.

FIG. 12B is a flowchart of an example of a technique 1250 fordetermining a blending ratio for an image portion of a high dynamicrange image. The technique 1250 includes identifying 1260 a maximumpixel value for pixels in an image portion (e.g., a Bayer block of fourpixels (one red, two green, one blue)) of a long exposure image, whichwas captured using a long exposure time; if (at 1263) the maximum pixelvalue is saturated, determining 1270 the blending ratio to be one(specifying that a corresponding image portion from a short exposureimage will be used to determine the respective image component of thehigh dynamic range image); if (at 1263 & 1267) the maximum pixel valueis not saturated and is outside of a range near a saturation level,determining 1280 the blending ratio to be zero (specifying that acorresponding image portion from the long exposure image will be used todetermine the respective image component of the high dynamic rangeimage); and, if (at 1263 & 1267) the maximum pixel value is notsaturated and is within a range near the saturation level, determining1290 a difference between the saturation level and the maximum pixelvalue and determining 1292 the blending ratio based on the difference.For example, the technique 1250 may be implemented by the system 600 ofFIG. 6A or the system 630 of FIG. 6B. For example, the technique 1250may be implemented by an image capture device, such the image capturedevice 610 shown in FIG. 6A, or an image capture apparatus, such as theimage capture apparatus 110 shown in FIG. 1 or the image captureapparatus 300 of FIG. 3. For example, the technique 1250 may beimplemented by a personal computing device, such as the personalcomputing device 660. For example, the technique 1250 may be implementedusing a processing apparatus (e.g., the processing apparatus 612) thatincludes an image signal processor (e.g., the image signal processor500) that is configured to perform image processing operations on thehigh dynamic range image.

The technique 1250 includes, responsive to a value of a pixel of animage component of the first image being in a range near a saturationlevel, determining 1292 a blending ratio based on the difference betweenthe saturation level and the value of the pixel. For example, one end ofthe range near the saturation level may be the saturation level, and theblending ratio may be determined 1292 to vary (e.g., linearly) based onthe difference (e.g., taking values between zero and one) betweenendpoints of the range. In some implementations, a corresponding imagecomponent of the high dynamic range image may be determined 1120 basedon a weighted sum, using the blending ratio as a weight, of the imagecomponent of the first image and a corresponding image component of thesecond image.

FIG. 13A is a flowchart of an example of a technique 1300 forrecirculating a noise map with a noise reduced image. The technique 1300includes applying 1310 a motion compensation transformation to therecirculated image; and updating 1320 the noise map based on the motioncompensation transformation. For example, the technique 1300 may beimplemented by the system 600 of FIG. 6A or the system 630 of FIG. 6B.For example, the technique 1300 may be implemented by an image capturedevice, such the image capture device 610 shown in FIG. 6A, or an imagecapture apparatus, such as the image capture apparatus 110 shown in FIG.1 or the image capture apparatus 300 of FIG. 3. For example, thetechnique 1300 may be implemented by a personal computing device, suchas the personal computing device 660. For example, the technique 1300may be implemented using a processing apparatus (e.g., the processingapparatus 612) that includes an image signal processor (e.g., the imagesignal processor 500).

The technique 1300 includes applying 1310 a motion compensationtransformation to the recirculated image (e.g., a noise reduced frame).The motion compensation transformation may include a local motiontransformation (e.g., as described in relation to the local motioncompensation module 732) and/or a global motion transformation (e.g., asdescribed in relation to the global motion compensation module 734). Forexample, the technique 1350 of FIG. 13B may be implemented to select amotion compensation transformation that is applied 1310 to therecirculated image. In some implementations, the technique 1370 of FIG.13C may be implemented to obtain local motion information that may beused for applying 1310 the motion compensation transformation to therecirculated image. For example, the motion compensation module 730 ofFIG. 7 may be used to apply 1310 the motion compensation transformationto the recirculated image. For example, the motion compensation module830 of FIG. 8 may be used to apply 1310 the motion compensationtransformation to the recirculated image.

The technique 1300 includes updating 1320 the noise map based on themotion compensation transformation. For example, the noise map for therecirculated image may be updated 1320 by applying the motioncompensation transformation to the noise map. For example, estimates ofnoise level in the noise map corresponding to respective image portions(e.g., pixels or blocks of pixels) of the recirculated image (e.g., anoise reduced frame) may be translated within the noise map in the sameway that the corresponding image portions are translated within therecirculated image when the motion compensation transformation isapplied 1310, such that a correspondence between estimates of noiselevel in the noise map and pixel values in the recirculated image (e.g.,a noise reduced frame) may be preserved.

FIG. 13B is a flowchart of an example of a technique 1350 for applyingmotion compensation to a recirculated image. The technique 1350 includesapplying 1352 a local motion compensation transformation to thereference image to obtain a first candidate image; applying 1354 aglobal motion compensation transformation to the reference image toobtain a second candidate frame; obtaining 1356 a first quality metricbased on the first candidate image and the target image; obtaining 1358a second quality metric based on the second candidate image and thetarget image; and based on the first quality metric and the secondquality metric, selecting 1360 the motion compensation transformationfrom among the local motion compensation transformation and the globalmotion compensation transformation. For example, the technique 1350 maybe implemented by the system 600 of FIG. 6A or the system 630 of FIG.6B. For example, the technique 1350 may be implemented by an imagecapture device, such the image capture device 610 shown in FIG. 6A, oran image capture apparatus, such as the image capture apparatus 110shown in FIG. 1 or the image capture apparatus 300 of FIG. 3. Forexample, the technique 1350 may be implemented by a personal computingdevice, such as the personal computing device 660. For example, thetechnique 1350 may be implemented using a processing apparatus (e.g.,the processing apparatus 612) that includes an image signal processor(e.g., the image signal processor 500).

The technique 1350 includes applying 1352 a local motion compensationtransformation to the reference image (e.g., a recirculated, noisereduced frame) to obtain a first candidate image (e.g., a firstcandidate frame). The local motion compensation transformation may bedetermined based on local motion information (e.g., a set of motionvectors) from a local motion estimation module (e.g., the local motionestimation unit 520). For example, the technique 1370 of FIG. 13C may beimplemented to obtain local motion information that may be used forapplying 1352 the local motion compensation transformation to thereference image. For example, the local motion compensationtransformation may be applied 1352 by the local motion compensation unit522. For example the local motion compensation transformation may beapplied 1352 by the local motion compensation module 732.

The technique 1350 includes applying 1354 a global motion compensationtransformation to the reference image (e.g., a recirculated, noisereduced frame) to obtain a second candidate image (e.g., secondcandidate frame). For example, the global motion compensationtransformation may be determined based on angular rate measurements(e.g., from a gyroscope) for an image capture apparatus used to capturea sequence of images being processed (e.g., a video). The angular ratemeasurements may be used to estimate a change in the orientation of theimage capture apparatus between a time associated with the referenceimage and a time associated with a target image. For example, the globalmotion compensation transformation may affect a rotation of the scenethat is determined based on angular rate measurements. For example, theglobal motion compensation transformation may be applied 1354 by theglobal motion compensation unit 524. For example the global motioncompensation transformation may be applied 1354 by the global motioncompensation module 734.

The technique 1350 includes obtaining 1356 a first quality metric basedon the first candidate image (e.g., a first candidate frame of video)and the target image (e.g., next frame to be input to a temporal noisereduction unit). For example, the first quality metric may be a meansquare pixel value of a difference between the target image and thefirst candidate image. For example, the first quality metric may be aperceptually weighted (e.g., using a pixel value mapping that modelshuman perception) mean square error between target image and the firstcandidate image. In some implementations, the first quality metric maybe based on a hit rate for image portions (e.g., pixels or blocks ofpixels) of the first candidate image to be used by a temporal noisereduction module (e.g., the temporal noise reduction module 722). Forexample, the first metric may be based on a sum of mixing weights theimage portions of the first candidate image that are to be used tocombine the first candidate image with the target image (e.g., a currentimage being processed by a temporal noise reduction module).

The technique 1350 includes obtaining 1358 a second quality metric basedon the second candidate image (e.g., a second candidate frame of video)and the target image (e.g., a next frame to be input to a temporal noisereduction unit). For example, the second quality metric may be a meansquare pixel value of a difference between the target image and thesecond candidate image. For example, the second quality metric may be aperceptually weighted (e.g., using a pixel value mapping that modelshuman perception) mean square error between target image and the secondcandidate image. In some implementations, the second quality metric maybe based on a hit rate for image portions (e.g., pixels or blocks ofpixels) of the second candidate image to be used by a temporal noisereduction module (e.g., the temporal noise reduction module 722). Forexample, the second metric may be based on a sum of mixing weights theimage portions of the second candidate image that are to be used tocombine the second candidate image with the target image (e.g., acurrent image being processed by a temporal noise reduction module).

The technique 1350 includes, based on the first quality metric and thesecond quality metric, selecting 1360 the motion compensationtransformation from among the local motion compensation transformationand the global motion compensation transformation. The motiontransformation corresponding to the best quality metric (e.g., thelowest mean square error metric or the highest sum of mixing weights)may be selected 1360. For example, a noise map for the reference imagemay be updated 1320 based on the selected 1360 motion compensationtransformation.

In some implementations (not shown in FIG. 13B), a third quality metricis obtained based on the reference image (e.g., a recirculated, noisereduced frame) and the target image (e.g., a next frame to be input to atemporal noise reduction unit). This third quality metric may beassociated with an identity transformation, i.e., passing referenceimage through unchanged. This modified technique may include; based onthe first quality metric, the second quality metric, and the thirdquality metric; selecting the motion compensation transformation fromamong the local motion compensation transformation, the global motioncompensation transformation, and an identity transformation.

FIG. 13C is a flowchart of an example of a technique 1370 for obtaininglocal motion information for a reference image and a target image. Thetechnique 1370 includes selecting 1372 an image portion of a referenceframe; obtaining 1374 a lowest resolution copy of the target image;identifying 1376 a search area in target image at the obtainedresolution; searching 1378 for a match for the selected image portionwithin the identified search area; checking 1380 whether a highestresolution copy of the target image has been searched; if not, obtaining1382 the next higher resolution copy of target image for performing arefined search by identifying 1376 a search in the higher resolutionimage near an area corresponding to a match found at the previous lowerresolution and searching 1378 within the refined search area; and, ifthe highest resolution copy of the target image has been searched, thendetermining 1384 local motion information for the image portion of thereference image based a match found in the highest resolution copy ofthe target image. For example, the technique 1370 may be used toiteratively apply a multi-scale block matching approach to determinelocal motion information for a reference image (e.g., a recirculatedimage from a three-dimensional noise reduction module, a short exposureimage, or a long exposure image and a target image (e.g., a currentimage to be input to a temporal noise reduction module, a long exposureimage, or a short exposure image). In some implementations, thetechnique 1370 may repeated for multiple image portions of the referenceimage to generate a set of motion vectors for the reference image thatcan be returned as local motion information. For example, the technique1370 may be implemented by the system 600 of FIG. 6A or the system 630of FIG. 6B. For example, the technique 1370 may be implemented by animage capture device, such the image capture device 610 shown in FIG.6A, or an image capture apparatus, such as the image capture apparatus110 shown in FIG. 1 or the image capture apparatus 300 of FIG. 3. Forexample, the technique 1370 may be implemented by a personal computingdevice, such as the personal computing device 660. For example, thetechnique 1370 may be implemented using a processing apparatus (e.g.,the processing apparatus 612) that includes an image signal processor(e.g., the image signal processor 500).

The technique 1370 includes identifying 1376 a search area in targetimage at the obtained resolution. For example, the search area may beblock within the target image at the obtained resolution that includesan image portion at a location corresponding to the selected 1372 imageportion of the reference image and additional image portions in thevicinity of (e.g., within a radius from) the image portion at thecorresponding location. For example, where the obtained image is at thelowest available resolution, the search area may include the entiretarget image at the lowest resolution. For example, where the obtainedimage is at higher resolution than a downscaled image previouslysearched 1378, the search area may be identified 1376 based on thelocation of the matching portion found at the lower resolution. Forexample, the new search area may be identified 1376 to include imageportions at a higher resolution within the matching portion found at thelower resolution. In some implementations, a next search area may beidentified 1376 as extending slightly beyond (e.g., one image portion atthe higher resolution beyond) the boundaries of the matching portionfound at the lower resolution. In this manner a search area for amatching block at the full resolution may be iteratively narrowed as theresolution of the target image copies searched is increased.

FIG. 14 is a diagram of an example of a target image 1400 and an exampleof a corresponding one-half resolution downscaled image 1410. The targetimage 1400 may be an input image, such as an input image received by animage signal processor, such as the image signal processor 410 shown inFIG. 4 or the image signal processor 500 shown in FIG. 5, from an imagesensor, such as the image sensor 230 shown in FIG. 2, or from a frontimage signal processor, such as the front image signal processors 510shown in FIG. 5. Receiving the input image may include reading the inputimage, or a portion thereof, from a memory, such as the electronicstorage unit 224.

The target image 1400 is represented as a 64×64 matrix of image portions(e.g., pixels or blocks of pixels). For simplicity and clarity, eightrows and eight columns of the 64×64 matrix representing the target image1400 are shown in FIG. 14. The fourth column from the left and the fifthcolumn from the left represent the fifty-six omitted rows and the fourthrow from the top and the fifth row from the top represent the fifty-sixomitted columns Each location in the 64×64 matrix representing thetarget image 1400 corresponds with a respective spatial portion of thetarget image 1400. For example, each location in the 64×64 matrixrepresenting the target image 1400 may represent a pixel in the targetimage 1400.

The one-half resolution downscaled image 1410 may be an input image,such as an input image received by an image signal processor, such asthe image signal processor 410 shown in FIG. 4 or the image signalprocessor 500 shown in FIG. 5, from an image sensor, such as the imagesensor 230 shown in FIG. 2, or from a front image signal processor, suchas the front image signal processors 510 shown in FIG. 5. Receiving theinput image may include reading the input image, or a portion thereof,from a memory, such as the electronic storage unit 224. The one-halfresolution downscaled image 1410 may be an image generated based on thetarget image 1400 by downscaling, or sub-sampling, the target image1400. For example, the one-half resolution downscaled image 1410 may bea ½×½ resolution frame corresponding to the target image.

In some implementations, the target image 1400 and the one-halfresolution downscaled image 1410 may be may be obtained, such asgenerated, created, read, or otherwise accessed concurrently, orsubstantially concurrently. For example, a front image signal processormay concurrently, or substantially concurrently, output the target image1400 and the one-half resolution downscaled image 1410.

The one-half resolution downscaled image 1410 is represented as a 32×32matrix of image portions (e.g., pixels or blocks of pixels). Forsimplicity and clarity, seven rows and seven columns of the 32×32 matrixrepresenting the one-half resolution downscaled image 1410 are shown inFIG. 14. The fourth column from the left represents the twenty-fiveomitted rows and the fourth row from the top represents the twenty-fiveomitted columns Each location in the 32×32 matrix representing theone-half resolution downscaled image 1410 corresponds with a respectivespatial portion of the one-half resolution downscaled image 1410. Forexample, each location in the 32×32 matrix representing the one-halfresolution downscaled image 1410 may represent a pixel in the one-halfresolution downscaled image 1410.

The size of the 32×32 matrix representing the one-half resolutiondownscaled image 1410 is equivalent to size of the 64×64 matrixrepresenting the target image 1400 to indicate that the field-of-view ofthe one-half resolution downscaled image 1410 is equivalent to thefield-of-view of the 64×64 matrix representing the target image 1400.The locations in the 32×32 matrix representing the one-half resolutiondownscaled image 1410 are larger than the locations in the 64×64 matrixrepresenting the target image 1400 to indicate that a pixel from theone-half resolution downscaled image 1410 represents a larger, such astwice as large, spatial area than a pixel of the 64×64 matrixrepresenting the target image 1400.

FIG. 15 is a diagram of an example of a one-quarter resolutiondownscaled image 1500 and an example of a one-eighth resolutiondownscaled image 1510. The one-quarter resolution downscaled image 1500may be an input image, such as an input image received by an imagesignal processor, such as the image signal processor 410 shown in FIG. 4or the image signal processor 500 shown in FIG. 5, from an image sensor,such as the image sensor 230 shown in FIG. 2, or from a front imagesignal processor, such as the front image signal processors 510 shown inFIG. 5. Receiving the input image may include reading the input image,or a portion thereof, from a memory, such as the electronic storage unit224.

The one-quarter resolution downscaled image 1500 may be an imagegenerated based on a target image, such as the target image 1400 shownin FIG. 14, by downscaling, or sub-sampling, the target image. Forexample, the one-quarter resolution downscaled image 1500 may be a ¼×¼resolution frame corresponding to the target image.

In some implementations, the target image and the one-quarter resolutiondownscaled image 1500 may be may be obtained, such as generated,created, read, or otherwise accessed concurrently, or substantiallyconcurrently. For example, a front image signal processor mayconcurrently, or substantially concurrently, output the target image, aone-half resolution downscaled image, such as the one-half resolutiondownscaled image 1410 shown in FIG. 14, the one-quarter resolutiondownscaled image 1500, or a combination thereof.

The one-quarter resolution downscaled image 1500 is represented as a16×16 matrix of image portions (e.g., pixels or blocks of pixels). Forsimplicity and clarity, six rows and six columns of the 16×16 matrixrepresenting the one-quarter resolution downscaled image 1500 are shownin FIG. 15. The third column from the left and the fourth column fromthe left represent the ten omitted rows and the third row from the topand the fourth row from the top represent the ten omitted columns Eachlocation in the 16×16 matrix representing the one-quarter resolutiondownscaled image 1500 corresponds with a respective spatial portion ofthe one-quarter resolution downscaled image 1500. For example, eachlocation in the 16×16 matrix representing the one-quarter resolutiondownscaled image 1500 may represent a pixel in the one-quarterresolution downscaled image 1500.

The size of the 16×16 matrix representing the one-quarter resolutiondownscaled image 1500 is equivalent to the size of the 64×64 matrixrepresenting the target image 1400 shown in FIG. 14 and the size of the32×32 matrix representing the one-half resolution downscaled image 1410shown in FIG. 14 to indicate that the field-of-view of the one-quarterresolution downscaled image 1500 is equivalent to the field-of-view ofthe 64×64 matrix representing the target image 1400 shown in FIG. 14 andthe field-of-view of the 32×32 matrix representing the one-halfresolution downscaled image 1410 shown in FIG. 14. The locations in the16×16 matrix representing the one-quarter resolution downscaled image1500 are larger than the locations in the 32×32 matrix representing theone-half resolution downscaled image 1410 shown in FIG. 14 to indicatethat a pixel from the one-quarter resolution downscaled image 1500represents a larger, such as twice as large, spatial area than a pixelof the 32×32 matrix representing the one-half resolution downscaledimage 1410 shown in FIG. 14.

The one-eighth resolution downscaled image 1510 may be an input image,such as an input image received by an image signal processor, such asthe image signal processor 410 shown in FIG. 4 or the image signalprocessor 500 shown in FIG. 5, from an image sensor, such as the imagesensor 230 shown in FIG. 2, or from a front image signal processor, suchas the front image signal processors 510 shown in FIG. 5. Receiving theinput image may include reading the input image, or a portion thereof,from a memory, such as the electronic storage unit 224.

The one-eighth resolution downscaled image 1510 may be an imagegenerated based on a target image, such as the target image 1400 shownin FIG. 14, by downscaling, or sub-sampling, the target image. Forexample, the one-eighth resolution downscaled image 1510 may be a ⅛×⅛resolution frame corresponding to the target image.

In some implementations, the target image and the one-eighth resolutiondownscaled image 1510 may be may be obtained, such as generated,created, read, or otherwise accessed concurrently, or substantiallyconcurrently. For example, a front image signal processor mayconcurrently, or substantially concurrently, output the target image, aone-half resolution downscaled image, such as the one-half resolutiondownscaled image 1410 shown in FIG. 14, the one-quarter resolutiondownscaled image 1500, the one-eighth resolution downscaled image 1510,or a combination thereof.

The one-eighth resolution downscaled image 1510 is represented as an 8×8matrix of image portions (e.g., pixels or blocks of pixels). Forsimplicity and clarity, five rows and five columns of the 8×8 matrixrepresenting the one-eighth resolution downscaled image 1510 are shownin FIG. 15. The third column from the left represents the four omittedrows and the third row from the top represents the four omitted columnsEach location in the 8×8 matrix representing the one-eighth resolutiondownscaled image 1510 corresponds with a respective spatial portion ofthe one-eighth resolution downscaled image 1510. For example, eachlocation in the 8×8 matrix representing the one-eighth resolutiondownscaled image 1510 may represent a pixel in the one-eighth resolutiondownscaled image 1510.

The size of the 8×8 matrix representing the one-eighth resolutiondownscaled image 1510 is equivalent to the size of the 64×64 matrixrepresenting the target image 1400 shown in FIG. 14, the size of the32×32 matrix representing the one-half resolution downscaled image 1410shown in FIG. 14, and the size of the 16×16 matrix representing theone-quarter resolution downscaled image 1500 to indicate that thefield-of-view of the one-eighth resolution downscaled image 1510 isequivalent to the field-of-view of the 64×64 matrix representing thetarget image 1400 shown in FIG. 14, the field-of-view of the 32×32matrix representing the one-half resolution downscaled image 1410 shownin FIG. 14, and the field-of-view of the 16×16 matrix representing theone-quarter resolution downscaled image 1500. The locations in the 8×8matrix representing the one-eighth resolution downscaled image 1510 arelarger than the locations in the 16×16 matrix representing theone-quarter resolution downscaled image 1500 to indicate that a pixelfrom the one-eighth resolution downscaled image 1510 represents alarger, such as twice as large, spatial area than a pixel of the 16×16matrix representing the one-quarter resolution downscaled image 1500.

FIG. 16 is a diagram of an example of a one-sixteenth resolutiondownscaled image 1600 and an example of a one-thirty-second resolutiondownscaled image 1610. The one-sixteenth resolution downscaled image1600 may be an input image, such as an input image received by an imagesignal processor, such as the image signal processor 410 shown in FIG. 4or the image signal processor 500 shown in FIG. 5, from an image sensor,such as the image sensor 230 shown in FIG. 2, or from a front imagesignal processor, such as the front image signal processors 510 shown inFIG. 5. Receiving the input image may include reading the input image,or a portion thereof, from a memory, such as the electronic storage unit224.

The one-sixteenth resolution downscaled image 1600 may be an imagegenerated based on a target image, such as the target image 1400 shownin FIG. 14, by downscaling, or sub-sampling, the target image. Forexample, the one-sixteenth resolution downscaled image 1600 may be a1/16× 1/16 resolution frame corresponding to the target image.

In some implementations, the target image and the one-sixteenthresolution downscaled image 1600 may be may be obtained, such asgenerated, created, read, or otherwise accessed concurrently, orsubstantially concurrently. For example, a front image signal processormay concurrently, or substantially concurrently, output the targetimage, a one-half resolution downscaled image, such as the one-halfresolution downscaled image 1410 shown in FIG. 14, a one-quarterresolution downscaled image, such as the one-quarter resolutiondownscaled image 1500 shown in FIG. 15, a one-eighth resolutiondownscaled image, such as the one-eighth resolution downscaled image1510 shown in FIG. 15, the one-sixteenth resolution downscaled image1600, or a combination thereof.

The one-sixteenth resolution downscaled image 1600 is represented as a4×4 matrix of image portions (e.g., pixels or blocks of pixels). Eachlocation in the 4×4 matrix representing the one-sixteenth resolutiondownscaled image 1600 corresponds with a respective spatial portion ofthe one-sixteenth resolution downscaled image 1600. For example, eachlocation in the 4×4 matrix representing the one-sixteenth resolutiondownscaled image 1600 may represent a pixel in the one-sixteenthresolution downscaled image 1600.

The size of the 4×4 matrix representing the one-sixteenth resolutiondownscaled image 1600 is equivalent to the size of the 64×64 matrixrepresenting the target image 1400 shown in FIG. 14, the size of the32×32 matrix representing the one-half resolution downscaled image 1410shown in FIG. 14, the size of the 16×16 matrix representing theone-quarter resolution downscaled image 1500 shown in FIG. 15, and thesize of the 8×8 matrix representing the one-eighth resolution downscaledimage 1510 shown in FIG. 15 to indicate that the field-of-view of theone-sixteenth resolution downscaled image 1600 is equivalent to thefield-of-view of the 64×64 matrix representing the target image 1400shown in FIG. 14, the field-of-view of the 32×32 matrix representing theone-half resolution downscaled image 1410 shown in FIG. 14, thefield-of-view of the 16×16 matrix representing the one-quarterresolution downscaled image 1500 shown in FIG. 15, and the field-of-viewof the 8×8 matrix representing the one-eighth resolution downscaledimage 1510 shown in FIG. 15. The locations in the 4×4 matrixrepresenting the one-sixteenth resolution downscaled image 1600 arelarger than the locations in the 8×8 matrix representing the one-eighthresolution downscaled image 1510 shown in FIG. 15 to indicate that apixel from the one-sixteenth resolution downscaled image 1600 representsa larger, such as twice as large, spatial area than a pixel of the 8×8matrix representing the one-eighth resolution downscaled image 1510shown in FIG. 15.

The one-thirty-second resolution downscaled image 1610 may be an inputimage, such as an input image received by an image signal processor,such as the image signal processor 410 shown in FIG. 4 or the imagesignal processor 500 shown in FIG. 5, from an image sensor, such as theimage sensor 230 shown in FIG. 2, or from a front image signalprocessor, such as the front image signal processors 510 shown in FIG.5. Receiving the input image may include reading the input image, or aportion thereof, from a memory, such as the electronic storage unit 224.

The one-thirty-second resolution downscaled image 1610 may be an imagegenerated based on a target image, such as the target image 1400 shownin FIG. 14, by downscaling, or sub-sampling, the target image. Forexample, the one-thirty-second resolution downscaled image 1610 may be a1/32× 1/32 resolution frame corresponding to the target image.

In some implementations, the target image and the one-thirty-secondresolution downscaled image 1610 may be may be obtained, such asgenerated, created, read, or otherwise accessed concurrently, orsubstantially concurrently. For example, a front image signal processormay concurrently, or substantially concurrently, output the targetimage, a one-half resolution downscaled image, such as the one-halfresolution downscaled image 1410 shown in FIG. 14, a one-quarterresolution downscaled image, such as the one-quarter resolutiondownscaled image 1500 shown in FIG. 15, a one-eighth resolutiondownscaled image, such as the one-eighth resolution downscaled image1510 shown in FIG. 15, the one-sixteenth resolution downscaled image1600, the one-thirty-second resolution downscaled image 1610, or acombination thereof.

The one-thirty-second resolution downscaled image 1610 is represented asa 2×2 matrix of image portions (e.g., pixels or blocks of pixels). Eachlocation in the 2×2 matrix representing the one-thirty-second resolutiondownscaled image 1610 corresponds with a respective spatial portion ofthe one-thirty-second resolution downscaled image 1610. For example,each location in the 2×2 matrix representing the one-thirty-secondresolution downscaled image 1610 may represent a pixel in theone-thirty-second resolution downscaled image 1610.

The size of the 2×2 matrix representing the one-thirty-second resolutiondownscaled image 1610 is equivalent to the size of the 64×64 matrixrepresenting the target image 1400 shown in FIG. 14, the size of the32×32 matrix representing the one-half resolution downscaled image 1410shown in FIG. 14, the size of the 16×16 matrix representing theone-quarter resolution downscaled image 1500 shown in FIG. 15, the sizeof the 8×8 matrix representing the one-eighth resolution downscaledimage 1510 shown in FIG. 15, and the size of the 4×4 matrix representingthe one-sixteenth resolution downscaled image 1600 to indicate that thefield-of-view of the one-thirty-second resolution downscaled image 1610is equivalent to the field-of-view of the 64×64 matrix representing thetarget image 1400 shown in FIG. 14, the field-of-view of the 32×32matrix representing the one-half resolution downscaled image 1410 shownin FIG. 14, the field-of-view of the 16×16 matrix representing theone-quarter resolution downscaled image 1500 shown in FIG. 15, thefield-of-view of the 8×8 matrix representing the one-eighth resolutiondownscaled image 1510 shown in FIG. 15, and the field-of-view of the 4×4matrix representing the one-sixteenth resolution downscaled image 1600.The locations in the 2×2 matrix representing the one-thirty-secondresolution downscaled image 1610 are larger than the locations in the4×4 matrix representing the one-sixteenth resolution downscaled image1600 to indicate that a pixel from the one-thirty-second resolutiondownscaled image 1610 represents a larger, such as twice as large,spatial area than a pixel of the 4×4 matrix representing theone-sixteenth resolution downscaled image 1600.

FIG. 17 is a flowchart of an example of a technique 1700 for motioncompensation. In some implementations, the technique 1700 may beimplemented in an image capture apparatus, such as the image captureapparatus 110 shown in FIG. 1, or the image capture apparatus 300 shownin FIG. 3. For example, aspects of motion compensation included in thetechnique 1700 may be implemented by one or more of a local motionestimation unit, such as the local motion estimation unit 520 shown inFIG. 5, a local motion compensation unit, such as the local motioncompensation unit 522 shown in FIG. 5, a global motion compensationunit, such as the global motion compensation unit 524 shown in FIG. 5, atemporal noise reduction unit, such as the temporal noise reduction unit542 of the image signal processor 500 shown in FIG. 5, a high dynamicrange unit, such as the high dynamic range unit 530 of the image signalprocessor 500 shown in FIG. 5, or a combination thereof.

The technique 1700 may include obtaining a target image at 1710,obtaining a reference image at 1720, obtaining motion compensationinformation at 1730, obtaining a processed image at 1740, outputting theprocessed image at 1750, or a combination thereof. In someimplementations, one or more aspects of motion compensation described inrelation to the technique 1700 may be omitted or combined, and one ormore other aspects, not shown in FIG. 17, may be included.

A target image may be obtained at 1710. Obtaining the target image at1710 may include receiving, such as by an image signal processor, suchas the image signal processor 410 shown in FIG. 4 or the image signalprocessor 500 shown in FIG. 5, which may be included in an image captureapparatus, one or more input image signals, such as the input imagesignal 430 shown in FIG. 4, from one or more image sensors, such as theimage sensor 230 shown in FIG. 2 or the image sensors 340, 342 shown inFIG. 3, or from one or more front image signal processors, such as thefront image signal processors 510 shown in FIG. 5, and identifying oneor more input images, or frames, from the input image signals, which mayinclude buffering the input images or frames. In some implementations,the input images or frames may be associated with respective temporalinformation indicating a respective temporal location, such as a timestamp, a date stamp, sequence information, or a combination thereof. Forexample, the input images or frames may be included in a stream,sequence, or series of input images or frames, such as a video, and eachinput image or frame may be associated with respective temporalinformation. In some implementations, such as implementations includinghigh dynamic range processing, the target image may be a long exposureframe. In some implementations, such as implementations including highdynamic range processing, the target image may be a short exposureframe.

The target image may have a full size or resolution, which may be theresolution of the image as captured. For example, the target image, orframe, may be a 3840×2160 image, which may include 3840 columns(W=3840), or pixels per row, and 2160 rows (H=2160). In someimplementations, obtaining the target image at 1710 may includeobtaining one or more downscaled target images corresponding to thetarget image. For example, an image signal processor, such as the imagesignal processor 410 shown in FIG. 4 or the image signal processor 500shown in FIG. 5, may obtain the target image from a front image signalprocessor, such as the front image signal processor 510 shown in FIG. 5,may include obtaining the target image at a full resolution as captured,one or more downscaled, or reduced, resolution frames, such as aone-half resolution frame, a one-quarter resolution frame, a one-eighthresolution frame, a one-sixteenth resolution frame, a one-thirty-secondresolution frame, or any combination thereof. Other resolutions may beused.

A reference image may be obtained at 1720. In some implementations, suchas implementations including temporal noise reduction, the referenceframe may be a previously processed frame, such as reconstructed orrecirculated frame, which may be a frame temporally preceding the targetimage obtained at 1710. In some implementations, such as implementationsincluding high dynamic range processing, the reference image may be ashort exposure frame corresponding to the target image (e.g., a longexposure frame) obtained at 1710. In some implementations, such asimplementations including high dynamic range processing, the referenceimage may be a long exposure frame corresponding to the target image(e.g., a short exposure frame) obtained at 1710.

Motion compensation information may be obtained at 1730. Obtaining themotion compensation information may include obtaining global motioncompensation information at 1732, obtaining local motion compensationinformation at 1734, or a combination thereof.

Global motion compensation information may be obtained at 1732. Forexample, a global motion compensation unit, such as the global motioncompensation unit 524 shown in FIG. 5, may obtain or generate the globalmotion compensation information.

Obtaining the global motion compensation information at 1732 may includereceiving, or otherwise accessing, the reference image, or one or moreportions thereof. In some implementations, such as implementationsimplementing high dynamic range image processing, the reference imagemay be the short exposure input frame.

Obtaining the global motion compensation information at 1732 may includereceiving, or otherwise accessing, global motion information, such asglobal motion information from a gyroscopic unit of the image captureapparatus, such as a gyroscopic sensor included in the metadata unit 232shown in FIG. 2, corresponding to the target image. For example, theglobal motion information may indicate global motion detected ordetermined between capturing the reference image and capturing thetarget image.

Obtaining the global motion compensation information at 1732 may includegenerating or obtaining a global motion prediction frame or image, or aportion thereof, such as a prediction block, which may be a predictionof the target image, or a portion thereof, such as a target block of thetarget image, based on the reference image, or a portion thereof, andthe global motion information. Obtaining the global motion compensationinformation at 1732 may include outputting, or otherwise producing,global motion compensation information, such as a global motioncompensated prediction image, or one or more portions thereof, which maybe referred to herein as a global motion compensated frame or image.

Local motion compensation information may be obtained at 1734. Forexample, a local motion compensation unit, such as the local motioncompensation unit 522 shown in FIG. 5, may obtain or generate the localmotion compensation information.

Obtaining the local motion compensation information at 1734 may includereceiving, or otherwise accessing, the reference image, or one or moreportions thereof. In some implementations, such as implementationsimplementing high dynamic range image processing, the reference imagemay be the short exposure input frame.

Obtaining the local motion compensation information at 1734 may includereceiving, or otherwise accessing, local motion information, such aslocal motion information from a local motion estimation unit, such asthe local motion estimation unit 520 shown in FIG. 5, corresponding tothe target image. For example, the local motion information may indicatelocal motion identified between the reference image and the targetimage.

Obtaining the local motion compensation information at 1734 may includegenerating or obtaining a local motion prediction frame or image, or aportion thereof, such as a prediction block, which may be a predictionof the target image, or a portion thereof, such as a target block of thetarget image, based on the reference image, or a portion thereof, andthe local motion information. Obtaining the local motion compensationinformation at 1734 may include outputting, or otherwise producing,local motion compensation information, such as a local motioncompensated prediction image, or one or more portions thereof, which maybe referred to herein as a local motion compensated frame or image.Examples of generating local motion compensation information are shownin FIGS. 19-20.

A processed image may be obtained or generated at 1740. Obtaining theprocessed image at 1740 may include obtaining, such as by receiving, thetarget image, obtaining, such as by receiving, the local motioncompensation information, obtain, such as by receiving, the globalmotion compensation information, or a combination thereof. For example,a temporal noise reduction unit, such as the temporal noise reductionunit 542 shown in FIG. 5, may obtain the target image, the locationmotion compensation information, and the global motion compensationinformation, and may determine whether to use the local motioncompensation information, the global motion compensation information, orboth, to generate the processed image (e.g., a temporal noise reducedimage) at 1740. In another example, a high dynamic range unit, such asthe high dynamic range unit 530 shown in FIG. 5, may obtain the targetimage, the location motion compensation information, and the globalmotion compensation information, and may determine whether to use thelocal motion compensation information, the global motion compensationinformation, or both, to generate the processed image (e.g., a highdynamic range image) at 1740. An example of determining whether to usethe local motion compensation information, the global motioncompensation information, or both, to generate the processed image isshown in FIG. 18.

The processed image, or a portion thereof, such as a block of theprocessed image, may be output at 1750. For example, outputting theprocessed image at 1750 may include storing the processed image in amemory (e.g., the electronic storage unit 224), or outputting theprocessed image directly to another image signal processing unit, suchas the temporal noise reduction unit 542 shown in FIG. 5. In someimplementations, such as implementations including high dynamic rangeprocessing, outputting the processed image at 1750 may includeoutputting a high dynamic range image. In some implementations,outputting the processed image at 1750 may include outputting a noisereduced image.

FIG. 18 is a flowchart of an example of a technique for 1800 determiningwhether to use local motion compensation information or global motioncompensation information. In some implementations, determining whetherto use local motion compensation information or global motioncompensation information 1800 may be implemented in an image captureapparatus, such as the image capture apparatus 110 shown in FIG. 1, orthe image capture apparatus 300 shown in FIG. 3. For example, a temporalnoise reduction unit, such as the temporal noise reduction unit 542 ofthe image signal processor 500 shown in FIG. 5, may implementdetermining whether to use local motion compensation information orglobal motion compensation information 1800, or a high dynamic rangeunit, such as the high dynamic range unit 530 of the image signalprocessor 500 shown in FIG. 5, may implement determining whether to uselocal motion compensation information or global motion compensationinformation 1800.

Image signal processing may include obtaining a processed image (e.g., anoise reduced image or a high dynamic range image) at 1810, which may besimilar to obtaining a processed image as show at 1740 in FIG. 17, andwhich may implement determining whether to use local motion compensationinformation or global motion compensation information 1800. Obtainingthe processed image at 1810 may include obtaining a first, or localprediction, image quality metric at 1820, obtaining a second, or globalprediction, image quality metric at 1830, identifying a best, oroptimal, image quality metric at 1840, obtaining local motioncompensation information at 1850, obtaining global motion compensationinformation at 1860, or a combination thereof. Although not shownseparately in FIG. 18, obtaining a processed image at 1810 may includeobtaining the target image, obtaining the local motion compensatedimage, and obtaining the global motion compensated image.

A first image quality metric, such as a local prediction image qualitymetric, may be obtained at 1820. Obtaining the local prediction imagequality metric at 1820 may include determining a difference, such as asum of absolute differences, between the target image, or a portionthereof, such as a target block of the target image, and a correspondinglocal motion compensated image, or a portion thereof, such as acorresponding local motion compensated prediction block.

A second image quality metric, such as a global prediction image qualitymetric, may be obtained at 1830. Obtaining the global prediction imagequality metric at 1830 may include determining a difference, such as asum of absolute differences, between the target image, or a portionthereof, such as a target block of the target image, and a correspondingglobal motion compensated image, or a portion thereof, such as acorresponding global motion compensated prediction block.

A best, minimal, or optimal, image quality metric may be obtained, oridentified, at 1840. Obtaining the best image quality metric at 1840 mayinclude determining whether the local prediction image quality metricobtained at 1820 is within the global prediction image quality metricobtained at 1830. For example, obtaining the best image quality metricat 1840 may include determining whether the local prediction imagequality metric obtained at 1820 is less than or equal to the globalprediction image quality metric obtained at 1830.

Obtaining the best image quality metric at 1840 may include determiningthat the local prediction image quality metric obtained at 1820 iswithin, such as is less than or equal to, the global prediction imagequality metric obtained at 1830, which may indicate that the localmotion compensation information more accurately, or more efficiently,predicts the target image, or the target portion of the target image,than the global motion compensation information, and the local motioncompensation information may be used for generating or obtaining theprocessed image at 1850.

In another example, the local prediction image quality metric obtainedat 1820 may exceed the global prediction image quality metric obtainedat 1830, which may indicate that the global motion compensationinformation more accurately, or more efficiently, predicts the targetimage, or the target portion of the target image, than the local motioncompensation information, and the global motion compensation informationmay be used for generating or obtaining the processed image at 1860.

FIG. 19 is a flowchart of an example of a technique 1900 for obtaininglocal motion information. In some implementations, the technique 1900may be implemented in an image capture apparatus, such as the imagecapture apparatus 110 shown in FIG. 1, or the image capture apparatus300 shown in FIG. 3. For example, a local motion estimation unit, suchas the local motion estimation unit 520 of the image signal processor500 shown in FIG. 5, may implement the technique 1900.

Image signal processing may include obtaining location motioncompensation information at 1910, which may be similar to obtaininglocation motion compensation information as shown at 1734 in FIG. 17,and which may implement the technique 1900. The technique 1900 mayinclude obtaining a downscaled image at 1920, obtaining motioninformation for the downscaled image at 1930, determining whether thedownscaled image is the highest resolution downscaled image available at1940, obtaining motion information for the target image at 1950, or acombination thereof.

A downscaled image may be obtained at 1920. For example, the technique1900 may be implemented in an image signal processor, such as the imagesignal processor 500 shown in FIG. 5, of an image capture apparatus,such as the image capture apparatus 110 shown in FIG. 1, or the imagecapture apparatus 300 shown in FIG. 3, which may include one or morefront image signal processors, such as the front image signal processor510 shown in FIG. 5, which may output the target image and one or moredownscaled, or reduced, resolution images based on the target image,such as a ½×½ resolution frame, a ¼×¼ resolution frame, a ⅛×⅛ resolutionframe, a 1/16× 1/16 resolution frame, a 1/32× 1/32 resolution frame, orany combination thereof, and obtaining the downscaled image at 1920 mayinclude obtaining the downscaled image from the downscaled imagesgenerated by the front image signal processor in order of increasingresolution.

For example, obtaining the downscaled images at 1920 may includeobtaining a lowest resolution downscaled image, such as by reading thelowest resolution downscaled image from a memory. For example, thelowest resolution downscaled image may be a one-thirty-second resolutiondownscaled image, such as the one-thirty-second resolution downscaledimage 1610 shown in FIG. 16.

Motion information for the downscaled image may be obtained at 1930. Anexample of obtaining motion information for a target image, such as thedownscaled image is shown in FIG. 20.

Whether the downscaled image obtained at 1920 is the highest resolutiondownscaled image for the target image may be determined at 1940. Forexample, one downscaled image may be available for local motioncompensation, and determining whether the downscaled image is thehighest resolution downscaled image for the target image at 1940 mayinclude determining that the downscaled image is the highest resolutiondownscaled image for the target image. In another example, a downscaledimage having a higher resolution than the downscaled image identified at1920 may be available for local motion compensation, and determiningwhether the downscaled image is the highest resolution downscaled imagefor the target image may at 1940 may include determining that thedownscaled image is not the highest resolution downscaled image for thetarget image.

The downscaled image may not be the highest resolution downscaled imagefor the target image, a downscaled image having a higher resolution thanthe downscaled image identified at 1920 may be available for localmotion compensation, and obtaining the downscaled image at 1920,obtaining motion information for the downscaled image at 1930, anddetermining whether a higher resolution downscaled image is available at1940 may be performed using the higher resolution downscaled image asthe downscaled image as indicated by the broken line at 1945.

For example, the downscaled images may include a one-half resolutionimage, a one-quarter resolution image, a one-eighth resolution image, aone-sixteenth resolution image, and a one-thirty-second resolutionimage, and the technique 1900 may include obtaining theone-thirty-second resolution downscaled image at 1920, obtaining motioninformation for the one-thirty-second resolution downscaled image at1930, and determining that a higher resolution downscaled image isavailable at 1940, obtaining the one-sixteenth resolution downscaledimage at 1920, obtaining motion information for the one-sixteenthresolution downscaled image at 1930, and determining that a higherresolution downscaled image is available at 1940, obtaining theone-eighth resolution downscaled image at 1920, obtaining motioninformation for the one-eighth resolution downscaled image at 1930, anddetermining that a higher resolution downscaled image is available at1940, obtaining the one-quarter resolution downscaled image at 1920,obtaining motion information for the one-quarter resolution downscaledimage at 1930, and determining that a higher resolution downscaled imageis available at 1940, and obtaining the one-half resolution downscaledimage at 1920, obtaining motion information for the one-half resolutiondownscaled image at 1930, and determining that a higher resolutiondownscaled image is unavailable at 1940.

Motion information for the target image may be obtained at 1950. Anexample of obtaining motion information for a target image is shown inFIG. 20.

FIG. 20 is a flowchart of an example of a technique 2000 for obtaininglocal motion information for a target image. In some implementations,the technique 2000 may be implemented in an image capture apparatus,such as the image capture apparatus 110 shown in FIG. 1, or the imagecapture apparatus 300 shown in FIG. 3. For example, a local motionestimation unit, such as the local motion estimation unit 520 of theimage signal processor 500 shown in FIG. 5, may implement the technique2000.

Image signal processing may include obtaining location motioncompensation information at 2010, which may be similar to obtaininglocation motion compensation information as shown at 1734 in FIG. 17,and which may implement the technique 2000. The technique 2000 mayinclude obtaining a target image at 2020, obtaining an image portion at2030, obtaining a search area in a reference image at 2040, obtaining amatching portion at 2050, obtaining the motion information at 2060, or acombination thereof.

A target image may be obtained at 2020. For example, the technique 2000may be implemented in an image signal processor, such as the imagesignal processor 500 shown in FIG. 5, of an image capture apparatus,such as the image capture apparatus 110 shown in FIG. 1, or the imagecapture apparatus 300 shown in FIG. 3, which may include one or morefront image signal processors, such as the front image signal processor510 shown in FIG. 5, which may output the target image, which may be acurrent input frame and/or downscaled, or reduced, resolution frames,such as a ½×½ resolution frame, a ¼×¼ resolution frame, a ⅛×⅛ resolutionframe, a 1/16× 1/16 resolution frame, a 1/32× 1/32 resolution frame, andobtaining the target image at 2020 may include obtaining the targetimage from the images generated by the front image signal processor.

The target image obtained at 2020 may be a lowest resolution downscaledimage for a target image, such as a one-thirty-second resolutiondownscaled image, such as the one-thirty-second resolution downscaledimage 1610 shown in FIG. 16, and obtaining the target image may omitobtaining motion information corresponding to a lower resolutiondownscaled image.

The target image obtained at 2020 may be a higher resolution downscaledimage, having a higher resolution than the lowest resolution downscaledimage, or may be the target image, and obtaining the target image at2020 may include obtaining motion information, such as motion vectors,previously generated or identified based on a lower resolutiondownscaled image for the target image. For example, the target imageobtained at 2020 may be a one-sixteenth resolution downscaled image andobtaining the target image at 2020 may include obtaining previouslygenerated motion information for a lower resolution downscaled image,such as the one-thirty-second resolution downscaled image.

The technique 2000 may include obtaining 2030 an input image portion.For example, a first input portion from a downscaled target image may beobtained 2030, wherein the first input portion has a first input portionlocation in the downscaled target image and a first input portion size.For example, a second input portion may be obtained 2030 from the targetimage, wherein the second input portion has the first input portionlocation in the target image and a second input portion size.

The technique 2000 may include obtaining 2040 a search area in areference image. For example, a first search area portion may beobtained 2040 from the reference image, wherein the first search areaportion is centered on a first location in the reference image thatcorresponds with the first input portion location, and wherein the firstsearch area portion has a first search area portion size that exceedsthe first input portion size by a first defined search area amountassociated with the resolution of the downscaled target image. Forexample, a second search area portion may be obtained 2040 from thereference image, wherein the second search area portion is centered on asecond location in the reference image that is indicated by the firstinput portion location and the first local motion vector, and whereinthe first search area portion has a first search area portion size thatexceeds the first input portion size by a first defined search areaamount associated with the resolution of the downscaled target image.For example, a search area portion may be obtained 2040 from thereference image, wherein the search area portion is centered on alocation in the reference image indicated by the input portion locationand a candidate local motion information corresponding to a next lowerresolution downscaled target image, and wherein the search area portionhas a search area portion size that exceeds the input portion size by adefined search area amount associated with the resolution of thedownscaled target image.

The technique 2000 may include obtaining 2050 a matching portion. Forexample, a first matching portion may be obtained 2050 from the firstsearch area portion by searching the first search area portion based onthe first input portion, wherein the first matching portion has thefirst input portion size. For example, a second matching portion may beobtained 2050 from the second search area portion by searching thesecond search area portion based on the second input portion, whereinthe second matching portion has the second input portion size.

The technique 2000 may include obtaining 2060 the motion information.For example, a first local motion vector may be obtained 2060 thatindicates a spatial difference between the first input portion locationand a location of the first matching portion in the reference image asthe first local motion estimation information. For example, a secondlocal motion vector may be obtained 2060 that indicates a spatialdifference between the second input portion location and a location ofthe second matching portion in the reference image as the second localmotion estimation information. For example, a local motion vector may beobtained 2060 that indicates a spatial difference between the inputportion location and a location of the matching portion in referenceimage as a candidate local motion information for the downscaled targetimage.

For example, a first implementation may include a non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium, comprising executable instructionsthat, when executed by a processor, facilitate performance ofoperations, comprising: obtaining, by an image signal processor, atarget image; obtaining, by the image signal processor, a referenceimage; obtaining motion compensation information indicating motionidentified between the target image and the reference image, whereinobtaining the motion compensation information includes obtaining localmotion compensation information and obtaining global motion compensationinformation; obtaining a processed image by updating the target imagebased on the motion compensation information; and outputting theprocessed image.

For example, in the first implementation, obtaining the motioncompensation information may include determining whether to use thelocal motion compensation information or the global motion compensationinformation.

For example, in the first implementation, determining whether to use thelocal motion compensation information or the global motion compensationinformation may include: obtaining a first image quality metric based onthe local motion compensation information; obtaining a second imagequality metric based on the global motion compensation information;identifying the local motion compensation information as the motioncompensation information on a condition that the second image qualitymetric exceeds the first image quality metric; and identifying theglobal motion compensation information as the motion compensationinformation on a condition that the first image quality metric exceedsthe second image quality metric.

For example, in the first implementation, obtaining the local motioncompensation information may include: obtaining a first local motionestimation information based on the target image and the referenceimage; and obtaining a second local motion estimation information basedon the target image, the reference image, and the first local motionestimation information. For example, obtaining the first local motionestimation information may include: obtaining a downscaled target imagecorresponding to the target image, wherein a resolution of the targetimage exceeds a resolution of the downscaled target image; obtaining afirst input portion from the downscaled target image, wherein the firstinput portion has a first input portion location in the downscaledtarget image and a first input portion size; obtaining a first searcharea portion from the reference image, wherein the first search areaportion is centered on a first location in the reference image thatcorresponds with the first input portion location, and wherein the firstsearch area portion has a first search area portion size that exceedsthe first input portion size by a first defined search area amountassociated with the resolution of the downscaled target image; obtaininga first matching portion from the first search area portion by searchingthe first search area portion based on the first input portion, whereinthe first matching portion has the first input portion size; andobtaining a first local motion vector indicating a spatial differencebetween the first input portion location and a location of the firstmatching portion in the reference image as the first local motionestimation information. For example, obtaining the second local motionestimation information may include: obtaining a second input portionfrom the target image, wherein the second input portion has the firstinput portion location in the target image and a second input portionsize; obtaining a second search area portion from the reference image,wherein the second search area portion is centered on a second locationin the reference image that is indicated by the first input portionlocation and the first local motion vector, and wherein the first searcharea portion has a first search area portion size that exceeds the firstinput portion size by a first defined search area amount associated withthe resolution of the downscaled target image; obtaining a firstmatching portion from the first search area portion by searching thefirst search area portion based on the first input portion, wherein thefirst matching portion has the first input portion size; and obtaining afirst local motion vector indicating a spatial difference between thefirst input portion location and a location of the first matchingportion in the reference image as the first local motion estimationinformation.

For example, in the first implementation, the target frame may be a longexposure frame, and the reference frame is a short exposure framecorresponding to the long exposure frame for high dynamic rangeprocessing.

For example, in the first implementation, the target frame may be afirst frame from a sequence of frames; the target frame may have a firstlocation in the sequence of frames; the reference frame may be a secondframe from the sequence of frames; and the reference frame may have asecond location in the sequence of frames preceding the first locationin the sequence of frames.

For example, a second implementation may include a non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium, comprising executable instructionsthat, when executed by a processor, facilitate performance ofoperations, comprising: obtaining, by an image signal processor, atarget image; obtaining, by the image signal processor, a referenceimage; obtaining motion compensation information indicating motionidentified between the target image and the reference image, whereinobtaining the motion compensation information includes obtaining localmotion compensation information and obtaining global motion compensationinformation; obtaining a processed image by updating the target imagebased on the motion compensation information; outputting the processedimage; and wherein obtaining the local motion compensation informationmay include obtaining the local motion compensation information usingmultiscale local motion estimation, wherein multiscale local motionestimation includes: obtaining downscaled target images corresponding tothe target image, wherein a resolution of the target image exceeds arespective resolution of each downscaled target image from thedownscaled target images, and wherein the respective resolution of eachdownscaled target image from the downscaled target images differs fromthe respective resolution of each other downscaled target image from thedownscaled target images; for each downscaled target image from thedownscaled target images in order of increasing resolution: obtainingcandidate local motion information for the downscaled target image,wherein obtaining the candidate local motion information for thedownscaled target image includes: on a condition that a resolution ofthe downscaled target image is a lowest resolution among the downscaledtarget images, obtaining the candidate local motion information for thedownscaled target image based on the downscaled target image and thereference image; and on a condition that a resolution of the downscaledtarget image is greater than the lowest resolution among the downscaledtarget images, obtaining the candidate local motion information for thedownscaled target image based on the downscaled target image, thereference image, and candidate local motion information corresponding toa next lower resolution downscaled target image from the downscaledtarget images; and obtaining local motion estimation information basedon the target image, the reference image, and candidate local motionestimation information corresponding to a downscaled target image fromthe downscaled target images that has a highest resolution among thedownscaled target images.

For example, in the second implementation, on the condition that theresolution of the downscaled target image is the lowest resolution amongthe downscaled target images, obtaining the candidate local motioninformation for the downscaled target image based on the downscaledtarget image and the reference image includes: obtaining an inputportion from the downscaled target image, wherein the input portion hasan input portion location in the downscaled target image and an inputportion size; obtaining a search area portion from the reference image,wherein the search area portion is centered on a location in thereference image that corresponds with the input portion location, andwherein the search area portion has a search area portion size thatexceeds the input portion size by a defined search area amountassociated with the resolution of the downscaled target image; obtaininga matching portion from the search area portion by searching the searcharea portion based on the input portion, wherein the matching portionhas the input portion size; and obtaining a local motion vectorindicating a spatial difference between the input portion location and alocation of the matching portion in reference image as the candidatelocal motion information for the downscaled target image.

For example, in the second implementation, on the condition that theresolution of the downscaled target image is greater than the lowestresolution among the downscaled target images, obtaining the candidatelocal motion information for the downscaled target image based on thedownscaled target image, the reference image, and the candidate localmotion information corresponding to the next lower resolution downscaledtarget image may include: obtaining an input portion from the downscaledtarget image, wherein the input portion has an input portion location inthe downscaled target image and an input portion size; obtaining asearch area portion from the reference image, wherein the search areaportion is centered on a location in the reference image indicated bythe input portion location and the candidate local motion informationcorresponding to the next lower resolution downscaled target image, andwherein the search area portion has a search area portion size thatexceeds the input portion size by a defined search area amountassociated with the resolution of the downscaled target image; obtaininga matching portion from the search area portion by searching the searcharea portion based on the input portion, wherein the matching portionhas the input portion size; and obtaining a local motion vectorindicating a spatial difference between the input portion location and alocation of the matching portion in reference image as the candidatelocal motion information for the downscaled target image.

For example, in the second implementation, obtaining local motionestimation information based on the target image, the reference image,and the candidate local motion estimation information corresponding tothe downscaled target image from the downscaled target images that hasthe highest resolution among the downscaled target images may include:obtaining an input portion from the target image, wherein the inputportion has an input portion location in the target image and an inputportion size; obtaining a search area portion from the reference image,wherein the search area portion is centered on a location in thereference image indicated by the input portion location and thecandidate local motion information corresponding to the downscaledtarget image from the downscaled target images that has the highestresolution among the downscaled target images, and wherein the searcharea portion has a search area portion size that exceeds the inputportion size by a defined search area amount associated with theresolution of the target image; obtaining a matching portion from thesearch area portion by searching the search area portion based on theinput portion, wherein the matching portion has the input portion size;and obtaining a local motion vector indicating a spatial differencebetween the input portion location and a location of the matchingportion in reference image as the local motion information for thetarget image.

For example, in the second implementation, multiscale local motionestimation may include: obtaining the downscaled target images bygenerating the downscaled target images by a front image signalprocessor concurrent with generating the target image by the front imagesignal processor.

FIG. 21 illustrates an example of an architecture 2100 for processingand stitching images captured with multiple image sensors. Thearchitecture 2100 includes two image sensors (2110A and 2110B)configured to capture two images (image A and image B, respectively)with at least partially overlapping fields of view. The architecture2100 further includes a memory 2116, configured to store the raw (orunprocessed) images (e.g., the image A and the image B). In addition,the architecture 2100 includes an image signal processor (“ISP”)/stitchengine 2122, configured to request (via read/request signal) access tothe raw images (e.g., the image A and the image B) from the memory 2116,to process and stitch the images (e.g., the image A and the image B),and to store the processed and stitched images (via write signal) in amemory 2126 of the architecture 2100. For example, the architecture 2100may be implemented by an image capture apparatus (e.g., the imagecapture apparatus 110 of FIG. 1 or the image capture apparatus 300 ofFIG. 3).

For example, the architecture 2100 may be implemented within one camerasystem, such as, a singular device having two capture mechanisms (e.g.,two lenses, two image sensors, two capture controllers, etc.) but havingone ISP/stitching engine 2122. In some implementations, the architecture2100 includes two separate camera systems. For example, either an ISP ofone of the cameras or an external ISP or processing system can performthe functions of the ISP/stitch engine 2122. In some implementations,the ISP/stitch engine 2122 is a standalone integrated circuit orprocessor chip. In some implementations, the ISP/stitch engine 2122includes two or more hardware chips (such as an ISP and a dedicatedstitching IC) configured to perform image processing and stitchingoperations in tandem.

Although the architecture 2100 of FIG. 21 only includes two imagesensors (and although the stitching embodiments described herein arelimited to embodiments in which two images are captured and stitched),it should be noted that the principles described herein equally apply toembodiments in which more than two images are captured and stitched. Forexample, in some implementations, the architecture 2100 can include sixcameras arranged in a cubic camera array (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 1and FIG. 24A). In some implementations, the image sensors 2110A and2110B face in substantially opposite directions (e.g., as in imagecapture apparatus 300 of FIG. 3) such that one or more portions of theboundaries of image A overlap with one or more portions of theboundaries of image B, and such that the collective field of view ofboth image sensors 2110A and 2110B is substantially spherical.

In some implementations, the memory 2116 and the memory 2126 may be thesame memory. In some implementations, the memories 2116 and 2126 areseparate memories. In some implementations, the memory 2116 includes afirst memory in which the image sensor 2110A writes image A, andincludes a separate second memory in which the image sensor 2110B writesimage B. In some implementations, one or both of memory 2116 and memory2126 is located externally to the camera systems in the architecture2100.

The ISP/stitch engine 2122 may be configured to read the raw image Afrom the memory 2116, and perform one or more image processingoperations on the raw image A. For example, the ISP/stitch engine 2122can apply a warp operation to the raw image A selected to convert theoverlapping fields of view of the image sensors 2110A and 2110B and theresulting fields of view of image A and image B into a single twodimensional stitched image representative of the overlapping fields ofview. The ISP/stitch engine 2122 may then write the processed image A tothe memory 2126.

The ISP/stitch engine 2122 may be configured to then read the raw imageB from the memory 2116, and perform one or more image processingoperations on the raw image B. As noted above, one such processingoperation is the warp operation applied to covert overlapping fields ofview into a two dimensional image. The ISP/stitch engine 2122 may thenwrite the portion of the processed image B that does not overlap withany portion of the processed image A to the memory 2126.

FIG. 22 illustrates overlapping images captured with multiple imagesensors. In the example of FIG. 22, image A includes the image portion2202 and the image portion 2204, and image B includes the image portion2204 and the image portion 2206. For example, the image portion 2204 maybe representative of the overlapping fields of view of the image sensor2110A and the image sensor 2110B.

Returning to the description of FIG. 21, the ISP/stitch engine 2122,after processing raw image B, writes only the portion of the processedimage B that does not overlap with any portion of the processed image A(image portion 2206) to the memory 2126. The ISP/stitch engine 2122maintains (e.g., in an internal buffer) the portion of the processedimage B that does overlap with processed image A (image portion 2204).It should be noted that although reference is made to portions of theprocessed image that overlap with other portions, in practice, theportion of processed image that are accessed for use in stitchingoperations can extend beyond the boundaries of the portions of theimages representative of an overlapping field of view (e.g., by one ortwo pixels or more) to better enable the performance of the stitchingoperations.

The ISP/stitch engine 2122 then accesses the portion of processed imageA that does overlap with processed image B (image portion 2204), andcombines or blends (1) the maintained portion of the processed image Bthat does overlap with processed image A, and (2) the accessed portionof processed image A that does overlap with processed image B. Examplesof such blending operations include averaging pixel values (e.g., chromaor luma values), smooth pixel values based on the values of neighboringpixels, or any other suitable stitching operation. The ISP/stitch engine2122 then writes the combined or blended overlapping portions ofprocessed image A and processed image B to the memory 2126 (e.g., withinthe location in which the accessed portion of processed image A thatdoes overlap with processed image B was stored). The resulting imagestored in the memory 2126 is a stitched representation of processedimage A and processed image B.

The ISP/stitch engine 2122 can identify overlapping portions of imagesusing any suitable method. In some implementations, the overlappingportions of the fields of view of the image sensors 2110A and 2110B arepredetermined or known in advance. For example, in implementations inwhich the image sensors 2110A and 2110B are secured within a housing orframe such that the image sensors 2110A and 2110B do not move relativeto each other, the locations of portions of images representative of theoverlapping portions of the fields of view of the image sensors can bedetermined and stored, and the ISP/stitch engine 2122 can access thestored locations of the images representative of the overlappingportions of the fields of view of the image sensors to determine whichportions of the processed images should be maintained forcombination/blending, and to determine which portions of the processimages are not representative of overlapping fields of view (and thuscan be written to the memory 2126).

In some implementations, the ISP/stitch engine 2122 can perform one ormore preprocessing operations on the captured images to determine theportions of the images that are representative of overlapping fields ofview. For example, the ISP/stitch engine 2122 can perform edgedetection, texture analysis, color analysis, depth analysis, and/or anyother suitable operations in order to identify the portions of theimages representative of the same field of view. In someimplementations, a controller or pre-processor (not shown in FIG. 21)can perform one or more pre-processing operations on the raw image datato identify the portions of the images that are representative ofoverlapping fields of view. For example, a controller or preprocessorcan perform the pre-processing operations before image A and image B arewritten to the memory 2116. In such implementations, one or morecontrollers or pre-processors can be coupled between the image sensors2110A and 2110B and the memory 2116. In some implementations, acontroller or pre-processor can be coupled to the memory 2116, canaccess the raw image A or raw image B from the memory 2116, can performone or more pre-processing operations on the images to determine thelocations of the images representative of overlapping fields of view,and can provide the determined locations to the ISP/stitch engine 2122for use in stitching the images together.

FIG. 23 illustrates an example of a technique 2300 for stitching imagescaptured with multiple image sensors. A first image and a second imagewith overlapping fields of view are captured 2302. The captured imagesare stored 2304 in memory. A first of the images is accessed andprocessed 2306, and stored 2308 in memory. A second of the images isaccessed and processed 2310, and portions of the processed second imagethat do not overlap with the processed first image are stored 2312 inmemory. The portions of the processed first image that do overlap withportions of the second processed image are accessed 2314 from memory.The overlapping portions of the processed first image and the processedsecond image are combined 2316, and the location in the memory storingthe portion of the processed first image that overlaps with theprocessed second image is overwritten 2318 with the combined portions ofthe processed first image and the processed second image.

The architecture 2100 of FIG. 21 beneficially reduces the requiredbandwidth to perform image stitching operations relative to conventionalstitching systems. For example, in some conventional systems, stitchingtwo images together requires capturing and processing both images,storing both processed images completely to memory, accessing bothstored processed images from memory, stitching the processed imagestogether, and storing the stitched image to memory. In contrast, thearchitecture 2100 may reduce the amount of processed image data that isread from memory to the portion of the processed image A that overlapswith processed image B. The remaining portions of processed image A, andthe entirety of processed image B are written to memory only once duringthe course of stitching images A and B together.

FIG. 24A illustrates images 2400 captured with a cubic array of imagesensors. In the example of FIG. 24A, a first camera A faces the viewer,a second camera B faces downward, a third camera C faces leftward, afourth camera D faces rightward, a fifth camera E faces upward, and asixth camera F faces away from the viewer. In some implementations, eachof the six cameras capturing the images 2400 is a separate modularcamera plugged into a cubic camera array housing. In someimplementations, the cubic array of cameras used to capture the images2400 is a singular camera system with six capture mechanisms (e.g.,image sensors, lenses, etc.).

Prior to the stitching of images 2400 captured by the cubic array ofFIG. 24A, the images may be stored in a two dimensional image grid. FIG.24B illustrates a two dimensional grid of images 2450 captured by acubic array of image sensors. In the example of FIG. 24B, the grid ofimages 2450 is two images tall by three images wide. In order to improvethe performance of stitching the images within the grid of FIG. 24Btogether, the images 2400 captured by the cameras of the array of FIG.24A can be stored within the grid of images 2450 of FIG. 24B in aparticular order.

In the top left of the grid of images 2450 of FIG. 24B, the image A 2452captured by the camera A of FIG. 24A is stored. Likewise, in the topmiddle of the grid of images 2450 of FIG. 24B, the image D 2454 capturedby camera D is stored, and in the top right of the grid, the image F2456 captured by camera F is stored. In the bottom row of the grid ofimages 2450 of FIG. 24B, the image B 2458, the image C 2460, and theimage E 2462 (captured respectively by the cameras B, C, and E of thearray of FIG. 24A) are stored, in order. In some implementations, thegrid of images 2450 of FIG. 24B is stored as a single image file,composed of images A through F (2452-2462), prior to the stitchingtogether of the images. For example, an image stitching engine canaccess the image file, divide the image file into two components (a topcomponent including images A, D, and F and a bottom component includingimages B, C, and E), and can perform two groups of stitching operations.The first group of stitching operations includes:

1. Stitching image A 2452 to image D 2454 to produce stitched image AD;

2. Stitching stitched image AD to image F 2456 to produce stitched imageADF;

3. Stitching image B 2458 to image C 2460 to produce stitched image BC;and

4. Stitching stitched image BC to image E 2462 to produce stitched imageBCE.

The second group of stitching operations can include:

1. Stitching an edge of stitched image ADF associated with image A 2452to an edge of stitched image BCE associated with image B 2458;

2. Stitching an edge of stitched image ADF associated with image A 2452to an edge of stitched image BCE associated with image C 2460;

3. Stitching an edge of stitched image ADF associated with image A 2452to an edge of stitched image BCE associated with image E 2462;

4. Stitching an edge of stitched image ADF associated with image D 2454to an edge of stitched image BCE associated with image B 2458;

5. Stitching an edge of stitched image ADF associated with image D 2454to an edge of stitched image BCE associated with image E 2462;

6. Stitching an edge of stitched image ADF associated with image F 2456to an edge of stitched image BCE associated with image B 2458;

7. Stitching an edge of stitched image ADF associated with image F 2456to an edge of stitched image BCE associated with image C 2460; and

8. Stitching an edge of stitched image ADF associated with image F 2456to an edge of stitched image BCE associated with image E 2462.

The end result of the two groups of stitching operations may be aspherical image including image data representative of the collectivefields of view of cameras A, B, C, D, E, and F.

By storing the images 2400 captured by the cameras of the array of FIG.24A as illustrated in the grid of images 2450 of FIG. 24B, four bordersbetween images (the border between image A 2452 and image D 2454, theborder between image D 2454 and image F 2456, the border between image B2458 and image C 2460, and the border between image C 2460 and image E2462) are representative of overlapping fields of view between adjacentcameras in the array of FIG. 24A. Such borders can beneficially improvethe performance of stitching operations, as two images associated withsuch a border do not need to be rotated prior to the performance of thestitching operations. The grid of images 2450 of FIG. 24B can thus bestored in a memory (e.g., within a device housing the camera array ofFIG. 24A or within an external memory) prior to the performance ofstitching operations such that when the stitching operations areperformed, the performance of the stitching operations is improved.

Where certain elements of these implementations may be partially orfully implemented using known components, those portions of such knowncomponents that are necessary for an understanding of the presentdisclosure have been described, and detailed descriptions of otherportions of such known components have been omitted so as not to obscurethe disclosure.

In the present specification, an implementation showing a singularcomponent should not be considered limiting; rather, the disclosure isintended to encompass other implementations including a plurality of thesame component, and vice-versa, unless explicitly stated otherwiseherein.

Further, the present disclosure encompasses present and future knownequivalents to the components referred to herein by way of illustration.

As used herein, the term “bus” is meant generally to denote any type ofinterconnection or communication architecture that may be used tocommunicate data between two or more entities. The “bus” could beoptical, wireless, infrared or another type of communication medium. Theexact topology of the bus could be, for example, standard “bus,”hierarchical bus, network-on-chip, address-event-representation (AER)connection, or other type of communication topology used for accessing,e.g., different memories in a system.

As used herein, the terms “computer,” “computing device,” and“computerized device” include, but are not limited to, personalcomputers (PCs) and minicomputers (whether desktop, laptop, orotherwise), mainframe computers, workstations, servers, personal digitalassistants (PDAs), handheld computers, embedded computers, programmablelogic devices, personal communicators, tablet computers, portablenavigation aids, Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition (J2ME) equipped devices,cellular telephones, smart phones, personal integrated communication orentertainment devices, or literally any other device capable ofexecuting a set of instructions.

As used herein, the term “computer program” or “software” is meant toinclude any sequence of human or machine cognizable steps which performa function. Such program may be rendered in virtually any programminglanguage or environment including, for example, C/C++, C #, Fortran,COBOL, MATLAB™ PASCAL, Python, assembly language, markup languages(e.g., HTML, Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), XML, VoiceMarkup Language (VoxML)), as well as object-oriented environments suchas the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA), Java™(including J2ME, Java Beans), and/or Binary Runtime Environment (e.g.,Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless (BREW)).

As used herein, the terms “connection,” “link,” “transmission channel,”“delay line,” and “wireless” mean a causal link between any two or moreentities (whether physical or logical/virtual) which enables informationexchange between the entities.

As used herein, the terms “integrated circuit,” “chip,” and “IC” aremeant to refer to an electronic circuit manufactured by the patterneddiffusion of trace elements into the surface of a thin substrate ofsemiconductor material. By way of non-limiting example, integratedcircuits may include field programmable gate arrays (e.g., FPGAs), aprogrammable logic device (PLD), reconfigurable computer fabrics (RCFs),systems on a chip (SoC), application-specific integrated circuits(ASICs), and/or other types of integrated circuits.

As used herein, the term “memory” includes any type of integratedcircuit or other storage device adapted for storing digital data,including, without limitation, read-only memory (ROM), programmable ROM(PROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), dynamic random accessmemory (DRAM), Mobile DRAM, synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), Double Data Rate 2(DDR/2) SDRAM, extended data out (EDO)/fast page mode (FPM), reducedlatency DRAM (RLDRAM), static RAM (SRAM), “flash” memory (e.g.,NAND/NOR), memristor memory, and pseudo SRAM (PSRAM).

As used herein, the terms “microprocessor” and “digital processor” aremeant generally to include digital processing devices. By way ofnon-limiting example, digital processing devices may include one or moreof digital signal processors (DSPs), reduced instruction set computers(RISC), general-purpose complex instruction set computing (CISC)processors, microprocessors, gate arrays (e.g., field programmable gatearrays (FPGAs)), PLDs, reconfigurable computer fabrics (RCFs), arrayprocessors, secure microprocessors, application-specific integratedcircuits (ASICs), and/or other digital processing devices. Such digitalprocessors may be contained on a single unitary IC die, or distributedacross multiple components.

As used herein, the term “network interface” refers to any signal, data,and/or software interface with a component, network, and/or process. Byway of non-limiting example, a network interface may include one or moreof FireWire (e.g., FW400, FW110, and/or other variations), USB (e.g.,USB2), Ethernet (e.g., 10/100, 10/100/1000 (Gigabit Ethernet), 10-Gig-E,and/or other Ethernet implementations), MoCA, Coaxsys (e.g., TVnet™),radio frequency tuner (e.g., in-band or out-of-band, cable modem, and/orother radio frequency tuner protocol interfaces), Wi-Fi (802.11), WiMAX(802.16), personal area network (PAN) (e.g., 802.15), cellular (e.g.,3G, LTE/LTE-A/TD-LTE, GSM, and/or other cellular technology), IrDAfamilies, and/or other network interfaces.

As used herein, the term “Wi-Fi” includes one or more of IEEE-Std.802.11, variants of IEEE-Std. 802.11, standards related to IEEE-Std.802.11 (e.g., 802.11 a/b/g/n/s/v), and/or other wireless standards.

As used herein, the term “wireless” means any wireless signal, data,communication, and/or other wireless interface. By way of non-limitingexample, a wireless interface may include one or more of Wi-Fi,Bluetooth, 3G (3GPP/3GPP2), High Speed Downlink Packet Access/High SpeedUplink Packet Access (HSDPA/HSUPA), Time Division Multiple Access(TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)(e.g., IS-95A, Wideband CDMA(WCDMA), and/or other wireless technology), Frequency Hopping SpreadSpectrum (FHSS), Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS), Global Systemfor Mobile communications (GSM), PAN/802.15, WiMAX (802.16), 802.20,narrowband/Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), OrthogonalFrequency Division Multiplex (OFDM), Personal Communication Service(PCS)/Digital Cellular System (DCS), LTE/LTE-Advanced (LTE-A)/TimeDivision LTE (TD-LTE), analog cellular, cellular Digital Packet Data(CDPD), satellite systems, millimeter wave or microwave systems,acoustic, infrared (i.e., IrDA), and/or other wireless interfaces.

As used herein, the term “robot” may be used to describe an autonomousdevice, autonomous vehicle, computer, artificial intelligence (AI)agent, surveillance system or device, control system or device, and/orother computerized device capable of autonomous operation.

As used herein, the terms “camera,” or variations thereof, and “imagecapture device,” or variations thereof, may be used to refer to anyimaging device or sensor configured to capture, record, and/or conveystill and/or video imagery which may be sensitive to visible parts ofthe electromagnetic spectrum, invisible parts of the electromagneticspectrum (e.g., infrared, ultraviolet), and/or other energy (e.g.,pressure waves).

While certain aspects of the technology are described in terms of aspecific sequence of steps of a method, these descriptions areillustrative of the broader methods of the disclosure and may bemodified by the particular application. Certain steps may be renderedunnecessary or optional under certain circumstances. Additionally,certain steps or functionality may be added to the disclosedimplementations, or the order of performance of two or more steps may bepermuted. All such variations are considered to be encompassed withinthe disclosure.

While the above-detailed description has shown, described, and pointedout novel features of the disclosure as applied to variousimplementations, it will be understood that various omissions,substitutions, and changes in the form and details of the devices orprocesses illustrated may be made by those skilled in the art withoutdeparting from the disclosure. The foregoing description is in no waymeant to be limiting, but rather should be taken as illustrative of thegeneral principles of the technology.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system, comprising: an image sensor configuredto capture image data using a plurality of selectable exposure times;and a processing apparatus configured to: receive a first image from theimage sensor, wherein the first image is captured with a first exposuretime; receive a second image from the image sensor, wherein the secondimage is captured with a second exposure time that is less than thefirst exposure time; determine a high dynamic range image based on thefirst image and the second image, wherein an image portion of the highdynamic range image is based on a corresponding image portion of thesecond image when a pixel of a corresponding image portion of the firstimage is saturated, wherein to determine the high dynamic range imageincludes: responsive to a value of a pixel of an image component of thefirst image being in a range near a saturation level, determine ablending ratio based on a difference between the saturation level andthe value of the pixel; and determine a corresponding image component ofthe high dynamic range image based on a weighted sum, using the blendingratio as a weight, of the image component of the first image and acorresponding image component of the second image; and store, display,or transmit an output image that is based on the high dynamic rangeimage.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the processing apparatus isfurther configured to determine the high dynamic range image byperforming operations to: determine initial blending ratios forrespective image portions of the high dynamic range image to obtain aninitial blending ratio map; apply a low-pass spatial filter to theinitial blending ratio map to obtain a blending ratio map; and combinethe first image and the second image using the blending ratio map toobtain the high dynamic range image.
 3. The system of claim 1, whereinthe processing apparatus is further configured to: determine a noise mapfor the high dynamic range image based on noise level estimates forpixels of the first image, noise level estimates for pixels of thesecond image, and a blending ratio map that specifies how imagecomponents of the first image and the second image are combined to formthe high dynamic range image; and apply temporal noise reductionprocessing to the high dynamic range image based on the noise map. 4.The system of claim 1, wherein the processing apparatus comprises animage signal processor that is configured to perform image processingoperations on the high dynamic range image.
 5. The system of claim 1,wherein: the first image is in a raw format; and the second image is ina raw format.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the processing apparatusis further configured to: apply motion compensation to aligncorresponding pixels of the first image and the second image whendetermining the high dynamic range image.
 7. The system of claim 6,wherein the processing apparatus is configured to apply motioncompensation by performing operations to: select the first image or thesecond image as a target image; apply a local motion compensationtransformation to a reference image to obtain a first candidate image;apply a global motion compensation transformation to the reference imageto obtain a second candidate image; obtain a first quality metric basedon the first candidate image and the target image; obtain a secondquality metric based on the second candidate image and the target image;and based on the first quality metric and the second quality metric,select a motion compensation transformation from among the local motioncompensation transformation and the global motion compensationtransformation.
 8. A method, comprising: receiving a first image from animage sensor, wherein the first image is captured with a first exposuretime; receiving a second image from the image sensor, wherein the secondimage is captured with a second exposure time that is less than thefirst exposure time; determining a high dynamic range image based on thefirst image and the second image, wherein a portion of the high dynamicrange image is based on a corresponding image portion of the secondimage when a pixel of a corresponding image portion of the first imageis saturated, and wherein determining the high dynamic range imageincludes using a blending ratio map to specify how the image portion ofthe second image is combined with the corresponding image portion of thefirst image to determine the image portion of the high dynamic rangeimage; and storing, displaying, or transmitting an output image that isbased on the high dynamic range image.
 9. The method of claim 8,wherein: the first image is in a raw format; and the second image is ina raw format.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein determining the highdynamic range image includes: determining initial blending ratios forrespective image portions of the high dynamic range image to obtain aninitial blending ratio map; applying a low-pass spatial filter to theinitial blending ratio map to obtain a blending ratio map; and combiningthe first image and the second image using the blending ratio map toobtain the high dynamic range image.
 11. The method of claim 10, whereindetermining the initial blending ratio includes: responsive to a valueof a pixel of an image component of the first image being in a rangenear a saturation level, determining a blending ratio based on adifference between the saturation level and the value of the pixel; anddetermining a corresponding image component of the high dynamic rangeimage based on a weighted sum, using the blending ratio as a weight, ofthe image component of the first image and a corresponding imagecomponent of the second image.
 12. The method of claim 10, whereindetermining the initial blending ratio includes: identifying a maximumpixel value for pixels in an image portion of the first image; if themaximum pixel value is saturated, determining the initial blending ratioto be one, wherein an image portion of the second image is used todetermine the corresponding image portion of the high dynamic rangeimage; if the maximum pixel value is not saturated and the maximum pixelvalue is outside of a range near a saturation level, determining theinitial blending ratio to be zero, wherein an image portion of the firstimage is used to determine the corresponding image portion of the highdynamic range image; and if the maximum pixel value is not saturated andthe maximum pixel value is in the range near the saturation level,determining the initial blending ratio based on a difference between thesaturation level and the maximum pixel value, wherein the image portionof the first image and the corresponding image portion of the secondimage are combined using the initial blending ratio to determine thecorresponding image portion of the high dynamic range image.
 13. Themethod of claim 8, further comprising: applying motion compensation toalign corresponding pixels of the first image and the second image whendetermining the high dynamic range image.
 14. The method of claim 13,wherein the applying motion compensation includes: selecting the firstimage or the second image as a target image; applying a local motioncompensation transformation to a reference image to obtain a firstcandidate image; applying a global motion compensation transformation tothe reference image to obtain a second candidate image; obtaining afirst quality metric based on the first candidate image and the targetimage; obtaining a second quality metric based on the second candidateimage and the target image; and based on the first quality metric andthe second quality metric, selecting a motion compensationtransformation from among the local motion compensation transformationand the global motion compensation transformation.
 15. The method ofclaim 8, further comprising: determining a noise map for the highdynamic range image based on noise level estimates for pixels of thefirst image, noise level estimates for pixels of the second image, and ablending ratio map that specifies how image components of the firstimage and the second image are combined to form the high dynamic rangeimage; and applying temporal noise reduction processing to the highdynamic range image based on the noise map.
 16. An image processingapparatus, comprising: an image sensor configured to capture image datausing a plurality of selectable exposure times; a high dynamic rangemodule configured to: receive a first image from the image sensor,wherein the first image is captured with a first exposure time; andreceive a second image from the image sensor, wherein the second imageis captured with a second exposure time that is less than the firstexposure time; determine a high dynamic range image based on the firstimage and the second image, wherein an image portion of the high dynamicrange image is based on a corresponding image portion of the secondimage when a pixel of a corresponding image portion of the first imageis saturated; and determine a noise map for the high dynamic rangeimage, wherein the noise map is determined based on a particularcombination of the first image and the second image and estimates of anoise level for pixels of the first image and pixels of the secondimage.
 17. The apparatus of claim 16, further comprising: athree-dimensional noise reduction module configured to combine the highdynamic range image with a recirculated image to obtain a noise reducedimage, wherein the recirculated image is based on one or more previousimages of a sequence of images from the image sensor.
 18. The apparatusof claim 17, wherein the three-dimensional noise reduction moduleincludes a temporal noise reduction module configured to recursivelycombine the high dynamic range image with the recirculated image using aset of mixing weights for respective image portions of the recirculatedimage, to obtain a temporal noise reduced image.
 19. The apparatus ofclaim 17, further comprising: a motion compensation module configured toapply transformations to align pixels in the recirculated image withcorresponding pixels in a current image.
 20. The apparatus of claim 19,wherein the motion compensation module is further configured to applytransformations by performing operations to: select the first image orthe second image as a target image; apply a local motion compensationtransformation to a reference image to obtain a first candidate image;apply a global motion compensation transformation to the reference imageto obtain a second candidate image; obtain a first quality metric basedon the first candidate image and the target image; obtain a secondquality metric based on the second candidate image and the target image;and based on the first quality metric and the second quality metric,select a motion compensation transformation from among the local motioncompensation transformation and the global motion compensationtransformation.